Participles As Adjectives, Keep + Gerund, Need + Gerund, Need + Passive Infinitive, Passive With Prepositions

Adjectives and Adverbs: Using Participles as Adjectives

1. A participle is a verb form which can be used as an adjective to
describe a noun.

an interesting book
an interested student

2. When the present participle (-ing from) is used, the noun it describes is (or was) the performer of the activity named by the participle. For example, in the sentence "The dog barks," the dogis the performer of the action (bark). It is a barking dog.

3. When the past participle (-ed, -en form) is used, the noun it describes is (or was)
acted upon. For example, in The child is frightened by the dog, the child is the
receiver of the action and is described as a frightened child.

4. The use of the present or past participle does not depend on the verb tense of thesentence, but rather on the performer/receiver situation.

The dog barks It is a barking dog
The dog barked It was a barking dog
The dog frightens the cat. It is a frightening dog.
The dog frightened the cat. It was a frightening dog.
The problem confuses the students. It is a confusing problem.
The students are confused by the problem. They are confused students.
The story amused the children.It was an amusing story.
The children were amused by the story. They were amused children.
The class bores the students. It is a boring class.
The students are bored by the class. They are bored students.

5. The use of participles is not restricted to the subject of a
sentence. In other words, the same statement can produce both a
present (active) and a past (passive) participle.Examples:
The dog frightens the cat. The frightening dog runs after
the cat.
The frightened cat runs away.
The problem confuses the students. The confusing problem
frightens the students.
They are confused students.
The story amused the children. It was an amusing story.
The amused children laughed a
lot.
The class bores the students. What a boring class it is!
The bored students have
stoppedlistening to the
teacher.

6. Participles used as adjectives often come after the noun they modify, following a linking verb like

Be, Become, or Seem

Mathematics is interesting.

My friends are interested in sports

You seem comfused

Problems often become frustrating.

I am fascinated by my children.

My children quickly became tired at school.

School can be tiring foryoung children.

Passive with prepositions

Passive Voice

Passive - Use
We only use the passive when we are interested in the object or when we do not know who caused the action.
Example: Appointments are required in such cases.
We can only form a passive sentence from an active sentence when there is an object in the active sentence.
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Form
to be +past participle
How to form a passive sentence when an active sentence is given:
- object of the "active" sentence becomes subject in the "passive" sentence
- subject of the "active" sentence becomes "object" in the "passive" sentence" (or is left out)
Active: Peter builds a house.

Passive: A house is built by Peter.

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Examples
Active Peterbuilds a house. Simple Present

Passive: A house is built by Peter.

Active: Peter built a house. Simple Past

Passive: A house was built by Peter.

Active: Peter has built a house. Present Perfect

Passive: A house has been built by Peter.

Active: Peter will build a house. will-future

Passive: A house will be built by Peter.

Active: Peter can build a house. ModalsPassive: A house can be built by Peter.

Verbs with prepositions in passive

When we put an active sentence, where a preposition follows after the verb (e.g. break into, look after), into passive - the preposition remains immediately after the verb.

Active sentence Passive sentence
Someone broke into the pet shop. The pet shop was broken into.

Verb + gerund or infinitive

These...