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CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) Bilabial Labiodental Dental Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Lateral fricative Approximant Lateralapproximant Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular © 1996 IPA Pharyngeal Glottal
t d µ n r | F B f v T D s Êz S Z ñ L Ã ¨ l
p b m õ
æ ¶ c ï k g q G / = N Ð R Ç § ½ • J x V X å© ? h H Õ ð
VOWELS
j ´
÷ K
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives
Front Close
Central
Back
> ù ! ø ²
Bilabial Dental (Post)alveolar Palatoalveolar Alveolar lateral
º ë ú Ä ì
Bilabial Dental/alveolar Palatal VelarUvular
’ p’ t’ k’ s’
Examples: Bilabial Dental/alveolar Velar Alveolar fricative
i
y
Close-mid
IY e P
é è
U
¬ u ¯ o ¿ O A •
Open-mid
OTHER SYMBOLS
· Voicelesslabial-velar fricative ‚ ó Alveolo-palatal fricatives w Ê Voiced labial-velar approximant È Voiced alveolar lateral flap ç Voiced labial-palatal approximant ê Simultaneous S and x í Voiceless epiglottalfricative Affricates and double articulations ÊÀ ÊVoiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. ÊÖ Ê Epiglottal plosive
DIACRITICS
Open
e ¸ « E{ ä Œ Ï a Ó
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. SUPRASEGMENTALS
(
kp ts N(
Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
® Éò
"
*
Primary stress Secondary stress Long Half-long Extra-short
®foUn«"tIS«n
˜
(
9 3 î 7 ¦ ª 2 Ê á + ` 8 ±
Ê
eÊ_ e! e@ e~ eÑ Í ›
‰ • ” ™ ž
High Mid Low Extra lowDownstep Upstep
e e$ e% eÞ e& ‹ Ì
¡
n9 d9 Voiced s3 tÊ3 Aspirated tî dî More rounded O7 Less rounded O¦ Advanced uª Retracted e2 Centralized eá Mid-centralized e+ Syllabic n` Non-syllabic e8...
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