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Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do notrespond to the insulin that is produced.[2] This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms ofpolyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger).
There arethree main types of diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 1 DM results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin or wear an insulin pump. This form waspreviously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes".Type 2 DM results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly,sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency. This form was previously referred to as non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes". The third main form,gestationaldiabetes occurs when pregnant women without a previous diagnosis of diabetes develop a high blood glucose level. It may precede development of type 2 DM.
Other forms of diabetes mellitus includecongenital diabetes, which is due to genetic defects of insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids, and several forms of monogenic diabetes.All forms of diabetes have been treatable since insulin became available in 1921, and type 2 diabetes may be controlled with medications. Both types 1 and 2 are chronic conditions that cannot becured. Pancreas transplants have been tried with limited success in type 1 DM; gastric bypass surgeryhas been successful in many with morbid obesity and type 2 DM. Gestational diabetes usually resolvesafter delivery. Diabetes without proper treatments can cause many complications. Acute complications include hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Serious long-term...