Plant phisiology

Chapter

1

Plant Cells

THE TERM CELL IS DERIVED from the Latin cella, meaning storeroom or chamber. It was first used in biology in 1665 by the English botanist Robert Hooke to describe the individual units of the honeycomb-like structure he observed in cork under a compound microscope. The “cells” Hooke observed were actually the empty lumens of dead cells surrounded by cell walls, butthe term is an apt one because cells are the basic building blocks that define plant structure. This book will emphasize the physiological and biochemical functions of plants, but it is important to recognize that these functions depend on structures, whether the process is gas exchange in the leaf, water conduction in the xylem, photosynthesis in the chloroplast, or ion transport across the plasmamembrane. At every level, structure and function represent different frames of reference of a biological unity. This chapter provides an overview of the basic anatomy of plants, from the organ level down to the ultrastructure of cellular organelles. In subsequent chapters we will treat these structures in greater detail from the perspective of their physiological functions in the plant lifecycle.

PLANT LIFE: UNIFYING PRINCIPLES
The spectacular diversity of plant size and form is familiar to everyone. Plants range in size from less than 1 cm tall to greater than 100 m. Plant morphology, or shape, is also surprisingly diverse. At first glance, the tiny plant duckweed (Lemna) seems to have little in common with a giant saguaro cactus or a redwood tree. Yet regardless of their specificadaptations, all plants carry out fundamentally similar processes and are based on the same architectural plan. We can summarize the major design elements of plants as follows: • As Earth’s primary producers, green plants are the ultimate solar collectors. They harvest the energy of sunlight by converting light energy to chemical energy, which they store in bonds formed when they synthesizecarbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

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Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.1 Schematic representation of the body of a typical dicot. Cross sections of (A) the leaf, (B) the stem, and (C) the root are also shown. Inserts show longitudinal sections of a shoot tip and a root tip from flax (Linum usitatissimum), showing the apical meristems. (Photos © J. Robert Waaland/Biological Photo Service.)

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•Other than certain reproductive cells, plants are nonmotile. As a substitute for motility, they have evolved the ability to grow toward essential resources, such as light, water, and mineral nutrients, throughout their life span. • Terrestrial plants are structurally reinforced to support their mass as they grow toward sunlight against the pull of gravity. • Terrestrial plants lose watercontinuously by evaporation and have evolved mechanisms for avoiding desiccation. • Terrestrial plants have mechanisms for moving water and minerals from the soil to the sites of photosynthesis and growth, as well as mechanisms for moving the products of photosynthesis to nonphotosynthetic organs and tissues.

OVERVIEW OF PLANT STRUCTURE
Despite their apparent diversity, all seed plants (see Web Topic1.1) have the same basic body plan (Figure 1.1). The vegetative body is composed of three organs: leaf, stem, and root. The primary function of a leaf is photosynthesis, that of the stem is support, and that of the root is anchorage and absorption of water and minerals. Leaves are attached to the stem at nodes, and the region of the stem between two nodes is termed the internode. The stem togetherwith its leaves is commonly referred to as the shoot. There are two categories of seed plants: gymnosperms (from the Greek for “naked seed”) and angiosperms (based on the Greek for “vessel seed,” or seeds contained in a vessel). Gymnosperms are the less advanced type; about 700 species are known. The largest group of gymnosperms is the conifers (“cone-bearers”), which include such commercially...