Production Optimization

Production Optimization TM Using Nodal Analysis

H. Dale Beggs

Production Optimization
Using NODALTM Analysis
PHAM HOÁNG

mí ANH

H. Dale Beggs

OGCI and Petroskills Publications Tulsa, Oklahoma

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Production Optimization
Using NODALTM Analysis

COPYRlGHT 1991, 200~. 2003 by OGCI, Inc., Petroskills, llC. and H. Dale Beggs P. O. Box 35448 Tulsa, Oklahoma 74153·0-148AH rights rescrved. No part of this text may be r~produced Oc transcribed in any fonn oc by any mcans withoUl ¡he written pennission of OGCI and Pelroskills.

lts use in adult training programs is specifically reserved for OGCI and Pmoskills.
Printed in the United States of Americ. Libr.ry of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90·064081 International Standard Book Number: 0·930972·14·7 Secondprinting-Febru.ry, 1999 Third printing-November, 2002 Second Edition-May, 2003

Contents

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Production Systems Analysis
Introduction 1 Systems Analysis Approach Applications 7 Summary 7 References 7 2

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Reservoir Performance
Introduction 9 Well Performance Equations 9 OarcyOs Law 9 Factors Affecting Productivity Index 15 Factors Affecting Inflow Performance 15 Orive Mechanisms 17 18Oissolved Gas Orive Gas Cap Orive 18 Water Orive 18 Combination Orive 19 HJ Orawdown or Producing Rate Zero Skin Factor' 19 Non-zero Skin Factor 20 Effect 01 Oepletion 20 IPR Behavior 01 Gas Wells 20 Predicting Present Time IPRs lor Oil Wells 21 Vogel Method 21 Application 01 Vogel Method-Zero Skin Factor 23 24 Saturated Reservoirs UndersOaturated Reservoirs 24 Application 01 V0gel Method-Non-ZeroSkin Factor (Standing Modification) Undersaturated Reservoirs 29 Oetermining FE from Well Tests 29

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Fetkovich Method 30 31 Flow-After-Flow Testing Isochronal Testing 31 Modified Isochronal Testing 32 Jones, Blount and Glaze Method 35 Constructing IPRs When No Stabilized Tests Are Available 37 IPR Construction for Special Cases Horizontal Welis 37 Waterflood Welis 37Stratified Formations 38 Static Reservoir Pressure Unknown 39 Predicting Future IPRs for 011 Welis 40 Standing Method 40 Fetkovich Method 42 Combining Vogel and Fetkovich 42 Predicting Present Time IPRs for Gas Welis 43 Use of the Back Pressure Equation 43 Jones, Blount and Glaze Method 45 46 Predicting Future IPRs for Gas Wells Weli Completlon Effects 47 48 Open Hole Completions Perforated Completions48 Perforated, Gravel-Packed Completions 53 Innow Performance Summary 54 Oil Welis ·54 Gas Welis 54 References 55

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Flow in Pipes and Restrictions
Introduction 57 Basic Equations and Concepts 58 The General Energy Equatlon 58 Single-Phase Flow 62 64 Two-Phase Flow Two-Phase Flow Variables 64 Liquid Holdup 64 No-Slip Liquid Holdup 65 Denslty 65 65 Velocity Viscosity 66 SUrface Tension66 Modification of the Pressure Gradient Equation for Two-Phase Flow 66 Elevation Change Friction Component 67 Acceleration Component 67 Two-Phase Flow Patterns 67 Pressure Traverse Calculation 67 Procedure When Temperature Distribution is Unknown 69 Fluid Property Calculations 72 Fluid Density 75

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Gas 75 Oil 75 Waler 75 76 Fluid Velocity Gas 76 Oil 76 Water 76 EmpiricalFluid Property Correlalions 76 Gas Compressibility Factor 77 Salution or Dissolved Gas 78 Formation Volume Factor 79 Gas 79 79 Oil Water 79 Isothermal Compressibilily 79 80 Viscosily Oil 80 Waler 80 80 Gas Interfacial Tension 81 Gas/Oil Inlerfacial Tension 81 GasN'laler Inlerfacial Tension 81 Predicling Flowing Temperatures 81 Flowing Temperature in Wells 82 82 Flowing Temperature in Pipelines WellFlow CarrelaClons 83 84 PoeHmann a"d Carpenler ~lethod 85 Hagedorn ane Brown Method 86 Duns and Ros Melhod Orkiszewski 1'.lethod 86 87 Bubble Flow Slug Flow 87 Transition Flow 87 Misl Flow 87 Aziz, Govier and Fogarasi Melhod 87 88 Chierici, Clucci and Sclocchi Method Beggs and Brill Method 88 MONA, Asheim Method 90 Hasan and Kabir Method 90 Flow in Annuli 90 Hydraulic Radius Cancept 90 Cornish...