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Processes of State Formation in the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru) Author(s): Brian S. Bauer and R. Alan Covey Reviewed work(s): Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 846-864 Published by: Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3567261 . Accessed: 27/11/2012 15:47
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U;Processes

BRIAN S. BAUER R. ALAN COVEY

of

State

Formation

in

the

Inca

Heartland

(Cuzco,

Peru)

ABSTRACT ThisarticleaddressesIncastate formationin the centralhighlandsof Peru.Usingethnohistoricmaterials and new arCuzco,the capitalof the Incaempire,we arguethat rapidIncaexpansionafter chaeologicalsurveydata fromthree areassurrounding C.E.1400 wasmade possibleby long-termprocessesof state formationand regionalconsolidation. FromC.E.1000-1400, a centralizedstate developedinthe CuzcoValley,extendingits directadministrative controlover numerousneighboring groups.Lesspowerful Incaadministration Incapatronage.Strongrivals Incacontrolmainto on, perhapseven initiating neighboringpolitiesaccepted early tained their independence,at timesdepopulatingintermediateareas and settling in defensive sites to protect settlements and resources. Finally,groups of intermediatecomplexityused alliancesand violence to align themselves with the strongest regional in competitors.Suchvariability regionalintegration strategiesrevealshow Incastate formationprocessesinfluencedlaterpatternsof and administration. Inca,state formation,imperialism, imperialconquest [Keywords: ethnicity] archaeology,

N THISARTICLE EXAMINE dramaticsocial WE the
transformations that occurred in the Cuzco region between C.E. 1000-1400, sometimes called the Late Intermediate Period.1Conceptually, this encompasses regional developments following the decline of the Wari empire in the south central Andes and leading up to the first Inca territorialexpansion outside of theCuzco region. As such, this era represents the critical time when the Inca transformed themselves from one of many competing complex polities on the post-Wari political landscape into a wellintegrated state capable of dominating the central Andean highlands. Because Inca imperialism occurred just before the Spanish conquest of the Andean highlands (C.E. 1532), some information recorded in 16th- and17th-century colonial documents can be compared critically with archaeological data recovered through excavations and settlement surveys in the Cuzco region (Figure 1). Referencesto the interactions between Cuzco's ethnic groups during the Late Intermediate Period facilitate a more detailed discussion of Inca state development than would otherwise be possible. In considering the ethnohistoricrecord, we acknowledge the problems inherent to the study of these documents (see Bauer 1992; Julien 2000; Rowe 1946:192-197), at the same time asserting that their anthropological study can yield important perspectives on long-term regional
AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 104(3):846-864.

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