Reported speech

Reported speech.

Direct speech is speech inside quotation marks. It is used to repeat the exact words that somebody said:


My mother told me, "You have to work harder in school, or you'll fail."

While this is okay for sharing stories with friends, this is not the best way to report a conversation, either in speech or in writing. It shows a better education to use reported speech:My mother told me that I had to work harder or that I would fail.

Rules for Forming Reported Speech

1. When reporting a statement (not a question), we generally use that:

In short sentences, we often drop that, but in writing it is a good idea to use it all the time, even for short sentences!

NOTE: In reported speech, we repeat that after and, but and or.
NOTE: There are no commasbefore or after and, but or or in reported speech.
NOTE: There are no commas before or after that!

She said that he was hungry and that he wanted to eat soon.
He told me that he had never been to France but that he wanted to go.
They promised us that they would tell the truth.

2. When reporting a question, we use if for yes/no questions or the appropriate question words (who, what,where, when, how, why) for information questions:

NOTE: You never use that when reporting a question!
NOTE: You never use a question mark (?) when reporting a question!

He asked me if I was going to the office party. ("Are you going to the...")
He asked me when I would call him. ("When will you call me?")
He asked me how much my rent was. ("How much is your rent?")

(See Part 9 fora full explanation of reporting questions.)

3a. The following verbs must be used with an indirect object:
(There is no to before these indirect objects!)

told He told me that he was hungry.
informed We informed her that the store was closed.
reminded He reminded the staff that the meeting was at 8 PM.

3b. The following verbs may be used with an indirect object, but theindirect object is optional (up to you).
(There is no to before these indirect objects!)

He asked his wife why she was so angry.
OR He asked why she was so angry.

asked We asked [her] where her husband was.
answered He answered [me] that he couldn't help.
promised She promised [him] that she would stay.

3c. The following verbs need to before the indirect object. For anyverb that needs to before the indirect object, the indirect object is optional:

He said to me that he was the chief of police.
OR He said that he was the chief of police.

said He said [to his wife] that he was hungry.
explained We explained [to her] why we had been late.
exclaimed She exclaimed [to the boy] that she was furious.
complained They complained [to us] thatthe room was too cold.


4. In English we report commands, orders, requests and suggestions to other people in a five-part format:

1 2 3 4 5

Somebody somebody else

She told her daughter to eat.
We asked them to help us.
The officer ordered me not to run.
He advised the student not toquit.
Mr. and Mrs. Jones wanted their son to study.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

5. If the direct speech was in the present tense, the reported speech must be in the past tense:

She said, "I am an actress, and I also sing."
She said that she was an actress and that she also sang.

6. If the direct speech was in the past tense, the reported speech must be in the past perfect(the "past before a past" form, had + past participle):

He said, "I was scared when I fell down the stairs."
He said that he had been scared when he had fallen down the stairs.

7. Some x-words change from direct to reported speech:

can/could I asked him, "Can I see your sister?"
I asked him if I could see his sister.

shall/should She asked, "Shall I call you later?"...