Reservorio

Contents
1 Oil and Gas Resources and Reserves 1.1 Terminology and Definitions . . . . . . . . 1.2 Methods for Resources/Reserve Estimation 1.2.1 Analogy-Based Approach . . . . . 1.2.2 Volumetric Estimates . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . 7 . 7 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 11

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I Fundamentals
2 Basic Concepts of Petroleum Geology 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 The Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Nonclastic Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 The Origin and Habitat of Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Source Rock and Generation of Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Petroleum Migration and Accumulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 Classification of Petroleum Reservoir-Forming Traps . . . . . . . 2.4 Types ofHydrocarbon Traps on the Norwegian Continental Shelf . . . . . Basic Concepts and Definitions in Reservoir Engineering 3.1 Continuum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 Residual Saturation . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Laboratory Determination of Residual Oil and Water Saturation 3.4 Reservoir Pressure and Distribution of Fluid Phases. . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Pressure Distribution in Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1717 18 18 19 20 20 23 24 28

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31 31 32 32 33 34 38 40 44 45 45 45 46

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Porosity 4.1 General Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Models of Porous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 Idealised Porous Medium Represented by Parallel CylindricalPores . . i

4.3 4.4

4.5 4.6 4.7 5

Idealised Porous Medium Represented by Regular Cubic-Packed Spheres 47 4.2.3 Idealised Porous Medium Represented by Regular Orthorhombic-Packed spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.4 Idealised Porous Medium Represented by Regular Rhombohedral-Packed spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 4.2.5 Idealised Porous Medium Represented by Irregular-Packed Spheres with Different Radii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Porosity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement of Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.1 Full-Diameter Core Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 4.4.2 Grain-Volume Measurements Based on Boyle’s Law . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.3 Bulk-Volume Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.4 Pore-Volume Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.5 Fluid-Summation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uncertainty in Porosity Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Porosity Estimation from Well Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.2

47 48 48 50 50 50 51 53 54 55 57 58 60 63 63 63 68 69 71 74 76 76 79

Permeability 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Darcy’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Conditions for Liquid...