Resumen

THE ELECTRONICS

Electronics is the branch of physics and engineering expertise, which studies and uses systems whose operation is based on the conduct and control of the microscopic flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles.

Use a variety of skills, materials and devices, from semiconductors to thermionic valves. The design and construction of large electronic circuits tosolve practical problems is part of the electronics and electrical engineering fields, electromechanical and computer software to design for control. The study of new semiconductor devices and technology is usually considered a branch of physics, specifically in the field of materials engineering.

History

It is considered that the electronics began with the vacuum diode invented by JohnAmbrose Fleming in 1904. The operation of this device is based on the Edison effect. Edison was first observed in 1883 thermionic emission, placing a sheet inside a light bulb to avoid blackening that occurred in the bulb the carbon filament. When the metal foil positively polarized with respect to the filament, a small current is produced between the filament and the sheet. This occurred because theelectrons in the atoms of the filament, to receive a large amount of energy as heat, escaping from the attraction of the nucleus (thermionic emission) and, across the empty space inside the bulb, were attracted by the positive polarity of the sheet.

The other major step was taken when Lee De Forest invented the triode in 1906. This device is basically like the vacuum diode, but was added acontrol grid located between the cathode and the plate, in order to modify the electron cloud of the cathode, thereby varying the plate current. This was a very important step for making the first sound amplifiers, radios, televisions, etc..

As time passed, vacuum tubes were refined and improved, appearing other types, such as tetrodes (four electrodes valves), the pentodes (five electrodes),other valves for high power applications, etc... Improvements within the valve were miniaturization.

But it was definitely with the transistor, which appeared from the hand of Bardeen and Brattain of Bell Telephone Company in 1948, when he allowed even further miniaturization of devices such as radios. The junction transistor appeared somewhat later, in 1949. This device is currently used for mostelectronics applications. Its advantages over valves are among others: smaller size and fragility, greater energy efficiency, lower supply voltages, etc.. The transistor does not function as a vacuum valve, but in a solid state semiconductor (silicon), and therefore do not need hundreds of volts voltage to operate.

Despite the expansion of semiconductors, are still used in small valvesaudiophile circles because they constitute one of the most widespread mitos1.

The transistor has three terminals (the emitter, base and collector) and resembles a triode: the base would be the control grid, the emitter cathode, and the collector plate. Polarizing these three terminals are properly able to control a large collector current from a small base current.

In 1958 he developed the firstintegrated circuit, which housed six transistors on one chip. In 1970 he developed the first microprocessor, Intel 4004. At present, the fields of electronics development are so vast that it has been divided into several specialized disciplines. The largest division is what distinguishes analog electronics digital electronics.

Electronics is therefore one of the branches of engineering morein the future projection together with the computer.

It can be said that electronics is the technical branch of studying the transmission, storage and processing of electrically coded information. Thus, sound, images, numeric quantities, etc.., Can be affected by such processes.

In 1838, Samuel Morse patents the first telegraph, word that means "figure in the distance." The interruption of...