Riassunto Frameworks

MAIN POINTS of
LINGUISTICA INGLESE

THE FRAMEWORKS OF ENGLISH


INTRODUCTION

The aim of this book is to make a travel around the English language. Human language is as complex in its own way as any of bio-chemical and anatomical functions of the human body.

All native English have no difficult to reorganize words into meaningful sentences. They not only employ knowledge aboutrules and word order, they are also using knowdlege about meanings. The knowledge is implicit; the aim of this book is to help you make your knowledge esplicit – in other words, to explain what exactly the nature of that knowdledge is.

FRAMEWORKS is a structure which holds something togheter. This book is subdivided so that each part deal with a different aspect of the frameworks of English.However, it would be a mistake to think that these levels are completely separate.

PART 2. Lexical framesworks: the words of the language: we will look at ways of dividing all the words into family groups or word classes.

PART 3. Grammatical frameworks: considers the ways in which words can be combined. The range of inflections and the principles of word order or syntax aretogheter covered by grammar.

PART IV. Discourse frameworks: gives an overview of some of the ways in which we combine sentences in to what is known as text or discourse.

PART V. Phonological frameworks: looks at the English language by considering the sound system of the language.

WHICH ENGLISH? This queston implies that there is more than one. English can take many differentforms. For exemple, the English spoken in America is different from the English spoken in Britain. And within Britain, there are many regional variations in the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. In this book is used Standard British English.


part ii lexical frameworks

2. WORD CLASSES

2.1 WORDS: Most of us perceive words as the building blocks of language. Of course, there ismuch more to studying a language than simply studying it on a lexical (or “word”) level., but words are a very good place to start when studying a language and this is where will begin.

There are compound words (ex. world-class; world-war..) and multi-word verbs, which consist of more than one element (ex. Put off and take on).

Idioms are little groups of words whose meaning is notretrievable from the individual parts which make up the idiom. A clear exemple is the expression to pay through the nose.This does not really mean that money passed down the nostrils when paying. It is possible for a speaker to deduce that means “to pay an excessive ammount”.

A word can tipically occur as minimal free form. Exemples:

Stop!
Here!

Often these items are utteredin response to a question or other comment. A further approach by which consider words as fre-standing units by considering the ability of one word to be sobstituted by another word. Another feature typical of words is that, in addition to being fre-standing, they also have a mobility which parts of words don’t have.

Ex: I can’t stand hypocrisy or Hypocrisy, I can’t stand

Wordsare typically minimal free-standing units which cannot be interrupted. When dealing with combinations such as world-class and world war which this basic principle will often still apply. However multi word verbs can be divided:

Ex: *A world terrible war = is an error

Dave put the meeting off

A Homonym is a word-form which just happens to be the same word as anotherword-form even though their meanings are different Two lexemes with unrelated meaning.

A Polysemy: one lexeme has two or more related meaning.

We use the term vocabulary to talk about word collectively. In linguistics, a term which is often used in preference to vocabulary is lexis. Lexis is a collective term for words in general or for the vocabulary of a specific language. When we...