Siglo 11 en las ciencias

Science and technology

* List of 11th century inventions
* Early 11th century - Fan Kuan paints Travelers among Mountains and Streams. Northern Song dynasty. It is now kept at National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan.
* c. 1000–Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) of al-Andalus, considered a "father of modern surgery",[7] publishes his influential 30-volume Arabic medicalencyclopedia, the Al-Tasrif,
* c. 1000–Ibn Yunus of Egypt publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir.
* c. 1000 Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi)
* c. 1000 – Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
* c. 1000–Law of sines is discovered by Muslim mathematicians, but it is uncertain who discovers it first between Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, and Abu al-Wafa.
* c. 1000 – Ammar ibnAli al-Mawsili
* 1000–1048 – Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī of Persia writes more than a hundred books on many different topics.[8]
* 1001–1100 – the demands of the Chinese iron industry for charcoal led to a huge amount of deforestation, which was curbed when the Chinese discovered how to use bituminous coal in smelting cast iron and steel, thus sparing thousands of acres of prime timberland.[9]* 1003 – Pope Sylvester II, born Gerbert d'Aurillac, dies; however, his teaching continued to influence those of the 11th century;[10] his works included a book on arithmetic, a study of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system,[11] a hydraulic-powered organ,[12] the reintroduction of the abacus to Europe,[13] and a possible treatise on the astrolabe that was edited by Hermann of Reichenau five decadeslater. The contemporary monk Richer from Rheims described Gerbert's contributions in reintroducing the armillary sphere that was lost to European science after the Greco-Roman era; from Richer's description, Gerbert's placement of the tropics was nearly exact and his placement of the equator was exact.[14][15] He reintroduced the liberal arts education system of trivium and quadrivium, which hehad borrowed from the educational institution of Islamic Córdoba.[16] Gerbert also studied and taught Islamic medicine.[17][18]
* 1013 – One of the Four Great Books of Song, the Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau compiled by 1013 was the largest of the Song Chinese encyclopedias. Divided into 1000 volumes, it consisted of 9.4 million written Chinese characters.
* 1020 – Ibn Samh ofAl-Andalus builds a geared mechanical astrolabe, an example of an analog computer.[19]
* 1021 – Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) of Basra, Iraq writes his influential Book of Optics from 1011 to 1021 (while he was under house arrest in Egypt),
* 1024 – The world's first paper-printed money can be traced back to the year 1024, in Sichuan province of Song Dynasty China. The Chinese government wouldstep in and overtake this trend, issuing the central government's official banknote in the 1120s.
* 1025 – Avicenna of Persia publishes his influential treatise, The Canon of Medicine, which remains the most influential medical text in both Islamic and Christian lands for over six centuries, and The Book of Healing, a scientific encyclopedia.
* 1027 – The Chinese engineer Yan Su recreatesthe mechanical compass-vehicle of the South Pointing Chariot, first invented by Ma Jun in the 3rd century.[20]
* 1028–1087 – Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) builds the equatorium and universal latitude-independent astrolabe.
* 1031 – Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī writes Kitab al-qanun al-Mas'udi
* 1031–1095 – Chinese scientist Shen Kuo creates a theory for land formation, orgeomorphology, theorized that climate change occurred over time, discovers the concept of true north, improves the design of the astronomical sighting tube to view the polestar indefinitely, hypothesizes the retrogradation theory of planetary motion, and by observing lunar eclipse and solar eclipse he hypothesized that the sun and moon were spherical.[21][22][23][24][25] Shen Kuo also experimented with...