Simple Present

Simple present perfect:
Form of Present Perfect
  | Positive | Negative | Question |
I / you / we / they | I have spoken. | I have not spoken. | Have I spoken? |
he / she / it | He has spoken.| He has not spoken. | Has he spoken? |
For irregular verbs, use the participle form . For regular verbs, just add “ed”.
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’
Exceptions in spelling whenadding ed | Example |
after a final e only add d | love – loved |
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled | admit – admitted
travel – travelled |final y after a consonant becomes i | hurry – hurried |
Use of Present Perfect
* puts emphasis on the result
Example: She has written five letters.
* action that is still going onExample: School has not started yet.
* action that stopped recently
Example: She has cooked dinner.
* finished action that has an influence on the present
Example: I have lost my key.
* actionthat has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example: I have never been to Australia.
Simple past:
Form of Simple Past
  | Positive | Negative | Question |
nodifferences | I spoke. | I did not speak. | Did I speak? |
For irregular verbs, use the past form (see list of irregular verbs, 2nd column). For regular verbs, just add “ed”.
Exceptions in Spellingwhen Adding ‘ed’
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed | Example |
after a final e only add d | love – loved |
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after avowel is doubled | admit – admitted
travel – travelled |
final y after a consonant becomes i | hurry – hurried |
Use of Simple Past
* action in the past taking place once, never or several timesExample: He visited his parents every weekend.
* actions in the past taking place one after the other
Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down.
* action in the past taking...