Software Engineering 9 Summer Villi

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Ninth Edition

Ian Sommerville

Addison-Wesley
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Editorial Director: Marcia Horton Editor in Chief: Michael Hirsch Acquisitions Editor: MattGoldstein Editorial Assistant: Chelsea Bell Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Senior Production Project Manager: Marilyn Lloyd Director of Marketing: Margaret Waples Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Carol Melville Text Designer: Susan Raymond Cover Art Director: Elena Sidorova Front Cover Photograph: © Jacques Pavlovsky/Sygma/Corbis Interior Chapter Opener: ©graficart.net/Alamy Full-Service Project Management: Andrea Stefanowicz, GGS Higher Education Resources, a Division of PreMedia Global, Inc. Composition and Illustrations: GGS Higher Education Resources, a Division of PreMedia Global, Inc. Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Copyright © 2011, 2006, 2005, 2001, 1996 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing asAddison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work,please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, Massachusetts 02116. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capsor all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sommerville, Ian Software engineering / Ian Sommerville. — 9th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-703515-1 ISBN-10: 0-13-703515-2 1. Software engineering. I. Title. QA76.758.S657 2011 005.1—dc22 2009053058

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ISBN 10: 0-13-703515-2 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-703515-1

PREFACE

As I waswriting the final chapters in this book in the summer of 2009, I realized that software engineering was 40 years old. The name ‘software engineering’ was proposed in 1969 at a NATO conference to discuss software development problems— large software systems were late, did not deliver the functionality needed by their users, cost more than expected, and were unreliable. I did not attend thatconference but, a year later, I wrote my first program and started my professional life in software. Progress in software engineering has been remarkable over my professional lifetime. Our societies could not function without large, professional software systems. For building business systems, there is an alphabet soup of technologies—J2EE, .NET, SaaS, SAP, BPEL4WS, SOAP, CBSE, etc.—that support thedevelopment and deployment of large enterprise applications. National utilities and infrastructure— energy, communications, and transport—all rely on complex and mostly reliable computer systems. Software has allowed us to explore space and to create the World Wide Web, the most significant information system in the history of mankind. Humanity is now faced with a new set of challenges—climate changeand extreme weather, declining natural resources, an increasing world population to be fed and housed, international terrorism, and the need to help elderly people lead satisfying and fulfilled lives. We need new technologies to help us address these problems and, for sure, software will play a central role in these technologies. Software engineering is, therefore, a critically important...