Soriana

FINAL GUIDE- UNIVERSAL CONTEMPORARY HISTORY II*
ACT 1*
French Revolution July 14th 1789: king was overthrown, monarchy was abolished, and Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens was signed. (Louis XVI)
This revolution happened because the people wanted: Liberty, equality and brotherhood
King & Queen: Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette.
Causes
* Nobility and clergy didn’tpaid taxes, while 3 estate (peasants) were forced to pay them.
* Economic crisis (bad harvest, years of drought, useless system of taxes).

States General: old feudal assembly in which the third state was represented. 100 years without getting together. It turned into de National Assembly, they decided to be together until they reform the French Constitution and the king was against it sothey moved to the Tennis Court Oath, where they wanted to create a New Constitution of France.
The storming of the Bastille is considered as the beginning of the French Revolution (July 14th 1789).
The National Assembly forced the clergy and nobility to give up their privileges and the Declarations of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens was signed. The National Assembly changed its name toNational Constituent Assembly.
The New French Constitution was finished in 1791.
* Division of powers.
* Principle of Nation Sovereignty.
* Decentralization of administration.
* Civil role of clergy.
* Increase of citizenship.
Because Austria and Prussia invaded France, King Louis XVI was accused of traitor and was sentenced to the guillotine.
Results of the French Revolution:* Fundamental rights were established.
* Nation’s sovereignty was declared.
* Freedom of worship thought and work.
* Equality before law and politics.
* Human rights and civil marriage.

ACT 2*
Jacobins: leaded by Robespierre, Danton and Marat.
Robespierre was accused of dictator and found responsible of many crimes, so he was killed by the guillotine.
The directory wasnot able to achieve peace, security and order, and Napoleon Bonaparte came up as the man capable of guarantee peace, security and order.

Napoleon’s objective: consolidate the Revolution conquests and defend the bourgeoisies’ interests.
* He created the first bank of France, encouraged industry and commerce, stabilized currency, create highways, supported universities.
Napoleon looseagainst Russia because of the cold winter, and England had taken Paris, he went into exile in Elba Island.
Louis XVII was proclaimed king of France while Napoleon was gone & wanted to give back the territories of the conquests & also when he wasn’t there that’s when CONGRESS OF VIENNA started to be prepared against Napoleon, so Napoleon returned to France and started the Hundred Days (InItaly). During this period, Napoleon offered peace, respect of the rights and individual liberty and he fought against England in the Battle of Waterloo, but he hadn’t the strength anymore and for the 2 time he went into exile in St. Elena.

ACT 3*
The Declaration of Independence of the 13 American Colonies caused England’s reaction, and France support the American people.

FIRST CONSTITUTION: TheUnited States Constitution (1787) was the first based on laws of nature and reason, and opposed the divine rights and privileges of the absolutism.
Napoleon appointed his brother Jose Bonaparte as the new king of Spain, causing American reactions.
Creoles take the power of Mexico’s Hall City and the War of Independence in September of 1810 – 1821.
1810- GRITO de DOLORES (Miguel hidalgo)
*Why did our Mexican independence could happen? Because the Spanish were weak because Napoleon had just invaded there.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Morelos leaded the Independence’s War.
Francisco Mina and Vicente Guerrero kept the flame of the Independence.
In 1821, the Treaty of Cordoba and the Plan of Iguala were signed and Mexico was recognized as Independent.

ACT 4*
Congress of...