Sparkler Piezoceramics
Páginas: 10 (2263 palabras)
Publicado: 21 de octubre de 2012
BULL.: SP-010
SPARKLER PIEZOCERAMICS
General Information
SPARKLER CERAMICS PVT. LTD.
J - 508, MIDC, BHOSARI, PUNE - 411 026. INDIA.
Tel : 91 - 20 - 2747 2375, 2746 2956. Fax : 91 - 20 – 2746 2955
E-mail : piezo@vsnl.net Website : www.sparklerceramics.com
0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
...
2
2. PZT Manufacturing Process
...
3
3. Applications
...
44. Definition of Terms and Relationships
...
5
5. Vibrational Modes in Common Transducer Configurations
...
10
6. Connections / Soldering Instructions
...
11
7. Literature
...
12
1
1. Introduction :
Piezoelectricity from the Greek word "piezo" means pressure electricity. It is the
property of certain crystalline substances to generate electricalcharges on the
application of mechanical stress. Conversely, if the crystal is placed in an electric field,
it will experience a mechanical strain. Such materials are useful as transducer elements
for transducting electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. When an AC
voltage is applied, it will cause it to vibrate and thus generate mechanical waves at the
same frequency of the inputAC field. Similarly, it would sense the input mechanical
vibrations and produce the proportional charge at the matching frequency of the
mechanical input.
Quartz is a well known single crystal material depicting such piezoelectric effects.
However, strong piezoelectric effects can be induced in polycrystalline Lead Zirconate
Titanate based ferroelectric ceramic materials. These materialsare represented by the
formula ABO3 , Perovskite crystalline structure wherein A-site denotes large divalent
metal ion such as Pb and B-site denotes smaller tetravalent ion such as Ti or Zr. This
class of ceramic materials have several advantages over single crystals including :
higher piezoelectric coeffs, ease of fabrication into components of any shape and size,
mechanically hard androbust, chemically inert and completely
unaffected by
atmospheric humidity. In contrast, single crystals must be cut along certain
crystallographic direction, thus limiting their possible geometrical shapes.
Sparkler manufactures piezoelectric ceramics based on the solid solutions of Lead
Titanate (PbTiO3) and Lead Zirconate (PbZrO3) which are popularly known as PZT.
The chemistry of ABO3perovskite in PZT compositions permit wide modifications by
way of isovalent substituents or donor dopants at A or B sites. For example, A-sites
modifications can be done by alkaline earths or rare earths cations whereas B-sites with
trivalent or pentavalent cations of approximately matching ionic radii; thus allowing
some tailor made properties of these class of materials. These areavailable in several
grades, distinguished by their electrical and physical properties for well defined
requirements.
2
2. PZT Manufacturing Process
These are manufactured from their respective oxides/carbonates of Pb, Zr, Ti, rare
earths, alkaline earths, transition metals etc. to the specified compositions well tuned to
the end properties, by mixing and solid state reactions. Typicalproduction flowchart is
given below :
WEIGHING RAW MATERIALS
⇓
MIXING - BALL MILL
⇓
OVEN DRY
⇓
SOLID STATE REACTION UPTO 1200 DEG. C.
⇓
MICRO-PULVERISATION TO A PRE-DETERMINED PARTICLE SIZE RANGE
⇓
FORMING PROCESSES
⇓
SINTERING 1300 DEG. C. - QC FOR SINTERABILITY
⇓
GRINDING / LAPPING / SLICING TO THE REQUIRED DIMENSIONS
⇓
FIRED - ON SILVER ELECTRODES
⇓
POLING. HIGH DC FIELDS;TIME-TEMP PROFILE
⇓
TESTING
3
3. Applications
These materials are available in a variety of shapes and sizes such as disks, plates, bars,
rings, rods, tubes, etc. Some of the typical applications are:
* High Voltage Generators for gas lighters
* Fuzes for explosives
* Ultrasonic cleaners
* Ultrasonic welders
* Ultrasonic atomisers
* Nebulisers
* Strain and excitation gauges
*...
SPARKLER PIEZOCERAMICS
General Information
SPARKLER CERAMICS PVT. LTD.
J - 508, MIDC, BHOSARI, PUNE - 411 026. INDIA.
Tel : 91 - 20 - 2747 2375, 2746 2956. Fax : 91 - 20 – 2746 2955
E-mail : piezo@vsnl.net Website : www.sparklerceramics.com
0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
...
2
2. PZT Manufacturing Process
...
3
3. Applications
...
44. Definition of Terms and Relationships
...
5
5. Vibrational Modes in Common Transducer Configurations
...
10
6. Connections / Soldering Instructions
...
11
7. Literature
...
12
1
1. Introduction :
Piezoelectricity from the Greek word "piezo" means pressure electricity. It is the
property of certain crystalline substances to generate electricalcharges on the
application of mechanical stress. Conversely, if the crystal is placed in an electric field,
it will experience a mechanical strain. Such materials are useful as transducer elements
for transducting electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. When an AC
voltage is applied, it will cause it to vibrate and thus generate mechanical waves at the
same frequency of the inputAC field. Similarly, it would sense the input mechanical
vibrations and produce the proportional charge at the matching frequency of the
mechanical input.
Quartz is a well known single crystal material depicting such piezoelectric effects.
However, strong piezoelectric effects can be induced in polycrystalline Lead Zirconate
Titanate based ferroelectric ceramic materials. These materialsare represented by the
formula ABO3 , Perovskite crystalline structure wherein A-site denotes large divalent
metal ion such as Pb and B-site denotes smaller tetravalent ion such as Ti or Zr. This
class of ceramic materials have several advantages over single crystals including :
higher piezoelectric coeffs, ease of fabrication into components of any shape and size,
mechanically hard androbust, chemically inert and completely
unaffected by
atmospheric humidity. In contrast, single crystals must be cut along certain
crystallographic direction, thus limiting their possible geometrical shapes.
Sparkler manufactures piezoelectric ceramics based on the solid solutions of Lead
Titanate (PbTiO3) and Lead Zirconate (PbZrO3) which are popularly known as PZT.
The chemistry of ABO3perovskite in PZT compositions permit wide modifications by
way of isovalent substituents or donor dopants at A or B sites. For example, A-sites
modifications can be done by alkaline earths or rare earths cations whereas B-sites with
trivalent or pentavalent cations of approximately matching ionic radii; thus allowing
some tailor made properties of these class of materials. These areavailable in several
grades, distinguished by their electrical and physical properties for well defined
requirements.
2
2. PZT Manufacturing Process
These are manufactured from their respective oxides/carbonates of Pb, Zr, Ti, rare
earths, alkaline earths, transition metals etc. to the specified compositions well tuned to
the end properties, by mixing and solid state reactions. Typicalproduction flowchart is
given below :
WEIGHING RAW MATERIALS
⇓
MIXING - BALL MILL
⇓
OVEN DRY
⇓
SOLID STATE REACTION UPTO 1200 DEG. C.
⇓
MICRO-PULVERISATION TO A PRE-DETERMINED PARTICLE SIZE RANGE
⇓
FORMING PROCESSES
⇓
SINTERING 1300 DEG. C. - QC FOR SINTERABILITY
⇓
GRINDING / LAPPING / SLICING TO THE REQUIRED DIMENSIONS
⇓
FIRED - ON SILVER ELECTRODES
⇓
POLING. HIGH DC FIELDS;TIME-TEMP PROFILE
⇓
TESTING
3
3. Applications
These materials are available in a variety of shapes and sizes such as disks, plates, bars,
rings, rods, tubes, etc. Some of the typical applications are:
* High Voltage Generators for gas lighters
* Fuzes for explosives
* Ultrasonic cleaners
* Ultrasonic welders
* Ultrasonic atomisers
* Nebulisers
* Strain and excitation gauges
*...
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