Tcp/ip

As illustrated in Figure 1.2, the TCP/IP model consists of four layers, each of which can have several sublayers. These layers correlate roughly to layers in the OSI reference model and definesimilar functions. Some of the TCP/IP layers correspond directly with layers in the OSI reference model while other span several OSI layers. The four TCP/IP layers are:
• The TCP/IP Application Layerrefers to communications services to applications and is the interface between the network and the application. It is also responsible for presentation and controlling communication sessions. It spans theApplication Layer, Presentation Layer and Session Layer of the OSI reference model. Examples include: HTTP, POP3, and SNMP.
• The TCP/IP Transport Layer defines several functions, including thechoice of protocols, error recovery and flow control. The transport layer may provide for retransmission, i.e., error recovery, and may use flow control to prevent unnecessary congestion by attempting tosend data at a rate that the network can accommodate, or it might not, depending on the choice of protocols. Multiplexing of incoming data for different flows to applications on the same host is alsoperformed. Reordering of the incoming data stream when packets arrive out of order is included. It correlates with the Transport Layer of the OSI reference model. Examples include: TCP and UDP, whichare called Transport Layer, or Layer 4, protocols.
• The TCP/IP Internetwork Layer defines end-to-end delivery of packets and defines logical addressing to accomplish this. It also defines how routingworks and how routes are learned; and how to fragment a packet into smaller packets to accommodate media with smaller maximum transmission unit sizes. It correlates with the Network Layer of the OSIreference model. Examples include: IP and ICMP.
• The TCP/IP Network Interface Layer is concerned with the physical characteristics of the transmission medium as well as getting data across one...