Tec Mantenimiento De Pc

Smart Grid Technologies: Communication
Technologies and Standards
Vehbi C. Güngör, Member, IEEE, Dilan Sahin, Taskin Kocak, Salih Ergüt,
Concettina Buccella, Senior Member, IEEE, Carlo Cecati, Fellow, IEEE, and
Gerhard P. Hancke, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—For 100 years, there has been no change in the basic
structure of the electrical power grid. Experiences have shown
that thehierarchical, centrally controlled grid of the 20th Century
is ill-suited to the needs of the 21st Century. To address the
challenges of the existing power grid, the new concept of smart
grid has emerged. The smart grid can be considered as a modern
electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and
reliability through automated control, high-power converters,
modern communicationsinfrastructure, sensing and metering
technologies, and modern energy management techniques based
on the optimization of demand, energy and network availability,
and so on. While current power systems are based on a solid
information and communication infrastructure, the new smart
grid needs a different and much more complex one, as its dimension
is much larger. This paper addresses criticalissues on
smart grid technologies primarily in terms of information and
communication technology (ICT) issues and opportunities. The
main objective of this paper is to provide a contemporary look
at the current state of the art in smart grid communications as
well as to discuss the still-open research issues in this field. It is
expected that this paper will provide a better understanding of thetechnologies, potential advantages and research challenges of the
smart grid and provoke interest among the research community
to further explore this promising research area.
Index Terms—Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), communication
technologies, quality-of-service (QoS), smart grid,
standards.

electrical grid has been ageing, the demand for electricity has
gradually increased.According to the U.S. Department of Energy
report, the demand and consumption for electricity in the
U.S. have increased by 2.5% annually over the last 20 years [1].
Today’s electric power distribution network is very complex
and ill-suited to the needs of the 21st Century. Among the
deficiencies are a lack of automated analysis, poor visibility,
mechanical switches causing slow responsetimes, lack of
situational awareness, etc. [2]. These have contributed to the
blackouts happening over the past 40 years. Some additional
inhibiting factors are the growing population and demand for
energy, the global climate change, equipment failures, energy
storage problems, the capacity limitations of electricity generation,
one-way communication, decrease in fossil fuels, and
resilienceproblems [5]. Also, the greenhouse gas emissions
on Earth have been a significant threat that is caused by the
electricity and transportation industries [6]. Consequently, a
new grid infrastructure is urgently needed to address these
challenges.
To realize these capabilities, a new concept of next generation
electric power system, the smart grid, has emerged. The
smart grid is a modernelectric power grid infrastructure for improved
efficiency, reliability and safety, with smooth integration
of renewable and alternative energy sources, through automated
control and modern communications technologies [1], [11]. Renewable
energy generators seem as a promising technology to
reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions [7]. Importantly,
smart grid enabling new networkmanagement strategies
provide their effective grid integration in Distributed Generation
(DG) for Demand Side Management and energy storage
for DG load balancing, etc. [8], [9]. Renewable energy sources
(RESs) are widely studied by many researchers [10] and the
integration of RES, reducing system losses and increasing the
reliability, efficiency and security of electricity supply to customers...