Tenses

Tenses
Tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time that indicates when the situation takes place. In languages which have tense, it is usually indicated by a verb or modal verb, often combined with categories such as aspect, mood, and voice.
Tense places temporal references along a conceptual timeline. This differs from aspect, which encodes how a situation or action occursin time rather than when. Typical tenses are present, past, and future. Some languages only have grammatical expression of time through aspect; others have neither tense nor aspect. Some East Asian isolating languages such as Chinese express time with temporal adverbs, but these are not required, and the verbs are not inflected for tense. In Slavic languages such as Russian a verb may beinflected for both tense and aspect together.
The number of tenses in a language may be disputed, because the term tense is often construed to represent any combination of tense proper, aspect, and even mood (tense-aspect-mood). In many texts the term "tense" may erroneously indicate qualities of uncertainty, frequency, completion, duration, possibility, and even whether information derives fromexperience or hearsay (the last two are evidentiality).
In absolute tense, as in English, tense indicates when the time of assertion, time of completion, or time of evaluation occurs relative to the utterance itself (time of utterance). In relative tense, on the other hand, tense is relative to some given event.
Tense can make finer distinctions than simple past-present-future; past tenses for examplecan cover general past, immediate past, or distant past, with the only difference between them being the distance on the timeline between the temporal reference points. Such distinctions are not precise: an event may be described in the remote past because it feels remote to the speaker, not because a set number of days have passed since it happened; it may also be remote because it is beingcontrasted with another, more recent, past event. This is similar to other forms of deixis such as this and that.
In many languages grammatical forms conflate tense and aspect, and in many traditional approaches to grammar both are labeled "tense". In general linguistic approaches, however, aspect and tense are treated as complementary ways of encoding time; they, along with mood, are simply called"tense-aspect-mood" (tam).
English has two true tenses, past and present (sometimes analysed as non-past). These are distinguished by the inflection of the verb, either ablaut or a suffix -ed (walks ~ walked, sings ~ sang). What is commonly called the future tense in English is not a true tense, but a modal construction [6] that does not always appear (it is optional in subordinate constructionssuch as I hope you (will) go tomorrow, and is prohibited with other modals as in I can go tomorrow, but past tense cannot be similarly omitted: *I hope you go yesterday, *I can go yesterday). English also has so-called "compound tenses", such as the past perfect and present progressive, which use modals to combine tense with other grammatical categories such as aspect.
Classification
Tenses arebroadly classified as present, past, or future. In absolute-tense systems, these indicate the temporal distance from the time of utterance. In relative-tense systems, they indicate temporal distance from a point of time established in the discourse. There are also absolute-relative tenses, which are two degrees removed from the temporal reference point, such as future-in-future (at some time in thefuture, event will still be in the future) and future-in-past (at some time in the past, event was in the future).
Many languages do not grammaticalize all three categories. For instance, English has past and non-past ("present"); other languages may have future and non-future. In some languages, there is not a single past or future tense, but finer divisions of time, such as proximal vs....