Tipos De Trabajo En Equipo

The Subjunctive in Adverbial Clauses
I. Adverbs indicate such things as why, where, when, and how. Typical adverbs in English are words like “soon”, “here” and “quickly”; adverbial phrases are groups of words used in the same way, such as “on Sunday” or “with compassion”. Likewise, an entire clause —remember that a clause has a subject and predicate— may have an adverbial function:
Johnis working so that she will notice him. | | [why] |
John works wherever we want. | | [where] |
Joan works after school is out. | | [when] |
Joan works as rapidly as she can. | | [how] |
II. Adverbial clauses are introduced by conjunctions, such as para que (so that), antes de que (before), and hasta que (until). The indicative or subjunctive mood may be required in the adverbialclause in Spanish, or an adverbial phrase (preposition plus infinitive) may be used, depending on:
1. Whether there is a change of subject. If no change of subject is involved and a preposition exists which corresponds to the conjunction, that preposition plus an infinitive is normally used, e.g.: He's saving his money so he can buy a car, Ahorra su dinero para poder comprar un coche. [A listof the corresponding prepositions is given below.]
2. The type situation or time in the adverbial clause. In general, if the situation in the adverbial clause is viewed as something hypothetical or anticipated —rather than completed, habitual, or factual— then the subjunctive is required. Iin contrast, if the adverbial expression deals with something that is viewed as completed, habitual,or factual, the indicative is used. Some adverbial conjunctions by their very nature deal with something hypothetical or anticipated and thus are always followed by the subjunctive; others may take either the subjunctive or the indicative.

III. Adverbial conjunctions which are ALWAYS followed by the subjunctive (because they always indicate a pending/hypothetical action or state):Conjunction | Translation | Corresponding preposition |
a fin de que | so that | a fin de |
a condición de que | on the condition that | |
a menos que | unless | |
a no ser que | lest, unless | |
antes (de) que | before | antes de |
con tal (de) que | provided that | con tal de |
en caso de que | in case | en caso de |
no sea que / no fuera que | lest, so that ... not | (= para no) |para que | so that | para |
sin que | without | sin |
Notes: 1) Where de is given in parentheses above, it is optional; that is, the conjunction before may be expressed as antes que or antes de que; 2) some students remember the more frequent of these conjunctions using the mnemonic device ESCAPA. |
IV. Examples:
No voy a menos que venga ella. | | I'm not going unless she comes. |Salgo a la una con tal que se termine todo. | | I leave at 1:00 provided everything is done. |
Trabaja mucho para que vivan bien. | | She works hard so they (can) live well. |
No hago nada sin que lo sepan. | | I don't do anything without their knowing it. |
V. Normally a preposition is used when no change of subject is involved; it is followed by an infinitive, not the subjunctive orindicative. Examples:
Mi hijo vive para tocar la guitarra. | | My son lives to play the guitar. |
Ganaré antes de salir. | | I'll win before I leave [before leaving.] |
VI. Adverbial conjunctions of time:
The following adverbial conjunctions deal with time, and are followed by the subjunctive when they introduce an anticipated situation. If they introduce one which is viewed ascompleted or habitual, they are followed by the indicative. Of course, if there is no change of subject involved and a preposition is available, typically the preposition is used with an infinitive.
Conjunction | Translation | Preposition |
a medida que | as, according as | |
cuando | when | (al = upon) |
dado que | granted that, in case that | |
después (de) que | after | después de |
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