toxicología ambiental

http://superfund.pharmacy.arizona.edu/toxamb/

TOXICOLOGIA AMBIENTAL
Evaluación de Riesgos y
Restauración Ambiental

Carlos E. Peña
Dean E. Carter
Felix Ayala-Fierro

Southwest Hazardous Waste Program
A Superfund Basic Research and Training Program
At the College of Pharmacy
The University of Arizona
© 2001

RECONOCIMIENTO
Este trabajo se realizó gracias al apoyo del InstitutoNacional de Ciencias de la Salud Ambiental del Gobierno
de los Estados Unidos de América dentro del Proyecto de Investigación Básica para el Superfund otorgado a la
Universidad de Arizona (Grant P42 ESO 4940).

COPYRIGHT
This document is copyright © Carlos E. Peña, Dean E. Carter and Felix Ayala-Fierro, The University of
Arizona 1996-2001. This Adobe Acrobat™ version was prepared as acourtesy for offline reading from the
original online version, which is available at http://superfund.pharmacy.arizona.edu/toxamb/. The online
version is the latest and only authoritative version.
This document may be reproduced in whole or in part, without fee, subject to the following restrictions:
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The copyright notice above and this permission notice must be preserved complete on allcomplete or partial
copies.
If you distribute this work in part, instructions for obtaining the complete original version of this document
must be included.
Small portions may be reproduced as illustrations for reviews or quotes in other works without this
permission notice if proper citation is given.

Exceptions to these rules may be granted for academic purposes by contacting the author.How to cite this document
The original online version should be cited:
Peña, Carlos E., Dean E. Carter and Felix Ayala-Fierro. 2001. Toxicologia Ambiental: Evaluación de Riesgos y
Restauración Ambiental. Distributed on the Internet via the Southwest Hazardous Waste Program website at
http://superfund.pharmacy.arizona.edu/toxamb/.

TABLA DE CONTENIDO

1

INTRODUCCIÓN

8

1.1ELEMENTOS DE BIOLOGÍA ...........................................................................................................................8
1.1.1 Bioquímica........................................................................................................................................8
1.1.2 Citología.........................................................................................................................................23
1.1.3 Fisiología ........................................................................................................................................30
1.2 DEFINICIÓN DE CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS ........................................................................................................40
1.2.1 Toxicología ambiental....................................................................................................................40
1.2.2 Medio ambiente ..............................................................................................................................40
1.2.3 Exposición......................................................................................................................................41
1.2.4 Blanco .............................................................................................................................................41
1.2.5 Ruta de exposición..........................................................................................................................41
1.2.6 Efecto tóxico...................................................................................................................................42
1.2.7 Dosis ...............................................................................................................................................42
1.2.8 Susceptibilidad individual...............................................................................................................43
1.2.9 Suposiciones...