A&P Mechanical Handbook. Part 1

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A ITO VA I N MAN E A C IT N N E T C NCA E H IIN H N B O ADO K

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Preface
The Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook—General was developed as one of a series of three handbooks for persons preparing for mechanic certification with airframe or powerplant ratings, or both. It is intended that this handbook will provide basic information onprinciples, fundamentals, and technical procedures in the subject matter areas common to both the airframe and powerplant ratings. Emphasis in this volume is on theory and methods of application. The handbook is designed to aid students enrolled in a formal course of instruction preparing for FAA certifica‑ tion as a maintenance technician, as well as for current technicians who wish to improve theirknowledge. This volume contains information on mathematics, aircraft drawings, weight and balance, aircraft materials, processes and tools, physics, electricity, inspection, ground operations, and FAA regulations governing the certification and work of maintenance technicians. New to this volume is a section addressing how successful aviation maintenance technicians incorporate knowledge and awarenessof ethics, professionalism, and human factors in the field. Because there are so many different types of airframes and powerplants in use today, it is reasonable to expect that differences exist in the components and systems of each. To avoid undue repetition, the practice of using representative systems and units is implemented throughout the handbook. Subject matter treatment is from ageneralized point of view, and should be supplemented by reference to manufacturers’ manuals or other textbooks if more detail is desired. This handbook is not intended to replace, substitute for, or supersede official regula‑ tions or manufacturer instructions. The companion handbooks to Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook—General are the Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics Powerplant Handbook, AC65-12A, and the Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics Airframe Handbook, AC 65-15A. This handbook may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9325, or from the GPO website: http://bookstore.gpo.gov This handbook is also available for download, in pdf format, from the Regulatory Support Division’s (AFS-600) website:http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs600 This handbook is published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airmen Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address: AFS630Comments@faa.gov

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Aviation MaintenanceTechnician Handbook— General was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Aviation Supplies and Academics, Inc., and the following authors: Ann Riley, Bob Aardema, Pete Vosbury, Mary Ann Eiff, H.G. Frautschy, Ron Serkenburg, Don Shaffer, Tom Wild, and Terry Michmerhuizen. Grateful acknowledgment is extended to the contributors of photography for this hand‑ book.Contained throughout the book are photographs by H.G. Frautschy, Sam Chui, Jeremy Irish, Pete Vosbury, Matt Wallman, Fred Gay, Jim Groom, Emmanuel Perez, John Martin, Ad Vercruijsse, Marc Michel, Bill Blanchard, Wim Houquet, Jean-Luc Altherr, Andrew Doughty, Erwin van Dijck, Kathleen and Walter Hudson, Paul Lintott, Michael Davis, and Dave Baldwin.

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contentsPreface..................................................................iii Chapter.1. Mathematics..................................................... 1-1
Mathematics in Aviation Maintenance.......................1-1 Whole Numbers .........................................................1-1 Addition of Whole Numbers.................................1-1 Subtraction of Whole Numbers ............................1-1 Multiplication...