Geografia

Geography summary End of year exam exam 2011

1.Population

Distribution and Density
Distribution is how people are spread about a place.
Population density is the number of people per km2. Densely populated is where lots of people live per Km2 and sparsely populated is where few people live per Km2.

Some Factors affecting population distribution and density are: Access, climate,resources available, ability to grow crops, water availability, ease of construction,, jobs, . Human factors are ports, railways, airports, tourism (economic), goverment investment (political), better housing opportunities, education, health facilities (social) etc.

Demographic transition Model (DTM)

Crude birth rate :number of live births per 1000 people
Crude death rate :number of deaths per1000 people
Natural increase: more birth rate less death rate less migration
DTM: A model predicting changes in birth and deat rates as a country moves from an agricultural economy to a industrial one.

Stage 1: Birth rates are high as birth control is not used. Death rates are also high.
Stage 2: Birth rates are high as big families are common and contraception is rare. Death rates arefalling sharply as vaccinations have been introduced to reduce infant mortality. The country is expiriencing a “population explosion”(late stage 2)
Stage 3:The country realises that population is incrasing to fast, it introduces birth control to women. Death rates are falling and transportation improves.
Stage 4: Birth rates fall to nearly the same level as death rates, having children becomesexpensive. Population stops increasing, women want to work and life expectancy is high.(late 4)
Stage 5: Population starts to decrease as younger people start to migrate. Population has become an ageing population, birth rates some times fall below death rates.

Population explosion

There is a population explosion because of high birth rates and falling death rates. Death rates have fallenbecause of better food, better water, better technology

Overpopulation is where too much people live for the available resources.
problems caused by overpopulation: Traffic, (no sufficient routes in lima for quantity of cars it has), pollution(industry isnt managed correctly), corruption (to much people for available jobs), narcotraffic, illegal jobs, poverty, internal migration, , jobs left inunderpopulated areas eg madre de dios, low incomes, poor qualityhousing. Underpopulation: jobs left out, more exports, high incomes, high standard of living, good living conditions.

China´s one child policy
Abortion: an operation to terminate / stop a pregnancy
Sterilisation: an operation to permanently prevent pregnancy
Anti-natalist policies: policies to reduce birth rate
It was a plan toreduce population increase by decreasing birth rates and familiy size. Only one child was allowed per family.

Population pyramids
Population pyramid: a graph showing the % of males & females of different age groups in a country
NIC: a newly industrialised country e.g. Malaysia
CMR: Child mortality rate, the number of children who die before their 5th birthday per 1000 live birthsSTAGE 1 / 2 (DTM)

STAGE 3(DTM)

STAGE 4

STAGE 5

A population pyramid shows: birth and death rates, if it is an LEDC or MEDC, the stage in the DTM, child mortality rates, life expectancy.

Dependency ratios
Economically active:15-64 Do contribute to the economy beacuase the pay taxes and work.
Non economically active(dependents) 0-14 and 65+: Do not contribute to the economy becausethey are not involved in the workforce. (too young or too old)
Ageing population: high proportion of elderly people who have survived due to advances in nutrition and medical care. This creates problems since these people do not work and have to be provided with pensions, medical care, social support, sheltered housing etc. from the taxes paid by a proportionally smaller number of workers, need of...