Ingles

The control of language for cultural ends
Second – language learning

Language no less than other aspects of human behavior, is subject to purposive interference. When people with different languages need to communicate various expedients are open to them, the most obvious being second – language learning and teaching. This takes time and effort are that much greater. Other expedients may alsobe applied. Ad hoo pidgins for the restricted purposes of trade and administration were mentioned above. Tacit or deliberate agreements have been reached whereby one language is chosen for international purposes when speakers of several different languages are involved. In the roman empire, broadly the western half used Latin as a lingua franca and the eastern half used Greek in western Europeduring the middle ages, Latin continued as the international language of educated people, and Latin was the second language taught in schools. Later the cultural, diplomatic, and military reputation of France made French the language European diplomacy. This use of French as the language of international relations persisted until the 20th century. At important conferences among representatives ofdifferent nations it is usually agreed which languages shall be officially recognized for registering the decisions reached, and the provisions of treaties are interplead in the light of texts in a limited number of languages, those of the major participants.

Since World War II the dominance of English – Speaking peoples in a science and technology and in international commerce has led to therecognition of English as the major international language in the world of practical affairs. With more and more countries making English the first foreign language to be taught and the producing a vast expansion of English – language – teaching programs all over the world. Those whose native language is English do not sufficiently realize the amount of effort, by teacher and learner alike, that isput into the acquisitions of a working knowledge of English by educated first speakers of other language.
As an alternative to the recognition of particular natural language as international in status. Attempts have been made to invent and propagate new and genuinely international languages devised for the purpose. Of these, Esperanto, invented, by the foolish- Russian doctor L.L Zamenhof in the19th the best know. Such languages are generally built up from parts of the vocabulary are grammatical apparatus of the better know existing languages of the world. The relationship between the written latter and is pronunciation is more systematic than with many existing orthographies (English spelling is notoriously unreliable as an indication of pronunciation), and care is taken to avoid thegrammatical irregularities to which all natural languages are subject and also to avoid sounds found difficult by many speakers (e.g., the English th sounds, which most Europeans, apart from English speakers, dislike). These artificial languages have not made progress though an international of Esperanto speakers does exist.

National influences on language
Deliberate interference with thenatural course of linguistic changes and the distribution of languages is not confined to the facilitating of international intercourse and cooperation. Language as a cohesive force for nation - states and for linguistic groups within nation - states has for long been manipulated for political ends, multilingual states can exist and prosper; Switzerland is a good example. But linguistic rivalry andstrife can be disrupted. Language rots have occurred in Belgium between French and Flemish speakers and in parts of India between rival vernacular communities. A language can be become or be made a focus of loyalty for a minority community that thinks itself suppressed, persecuted or subjected to discrimination. The French language in Canada in the mid – 20th century is an example, in the...