Intriduccion
Páginas: 33 (8236 palabras)
Publicado: 6 de abril de 2011
An Introduction to R
Notes on R: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics Version 2.12.1 (2010-12-16)
W. N. Venables, D. M. Smith and the R Development Core Team
Copyright Copyright Copyright Copyright Copyright
c c c c c
1990 W. N. Venables 1992 W. N. Venables & D. M. Smith 1997 R. Gentleman & R. Ihaka 1997, 1998 M. Maechler 1997– R Core Development TeamCopyright c 1999–2010 R Development Core Team
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under theterms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the R Development Core Team. ISBN 3-900051-12-7
i
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 Introduction and preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 The R environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related software anddocumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R and statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R and the window system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Rinteractively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An introductory session. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Getting help with functions and features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . R commands, case sensitivity, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recall and correction of previous commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executing commands from or diverting output to a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data permanency and removingobjects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5
2
Simple manipulations; numbers and vectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Vectors and assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Vector arithmetic . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Generating regular sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Logical vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 9 Missing values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Character vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Index vectors; selecting and modifying subsets of a data set . . . . . ....
Notes on R: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics Version 2.12.1 (2010-12-16)
W. N. Venables, D. M. Smith and the R Development Core Team
Copyright Copyright Copyright Copyright Copyright
c c c c c
1990 W. N. Venables 1992 W. N. Venables & D. M. Smith 1997 R. Gentleman & R. Ihaka 1997, 1998 M. Maechler 1997– R Core Development TeamCopyright c 1999–2010 R Development Core Team
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under theterms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the R Development Core Team. ISBN 3-900051-12-7
i
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 Introduction and preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 The R environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related software anddocumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R and statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R and the window system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Rinteractively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An introductory session. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Getting help with functions and features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . R commands, case sensitivity, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recall and correction of previous commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executing commands from or diverting output to a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data permanency and removingobjects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5
2
Simple manipulations; numbers and vectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Vectors and assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Vector arithmetic . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Generating regular sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Logical vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 9 Missing values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Character vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Index vectors; selecting and modifying subsets of a data set . . . . . ....
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