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DECONSTRUCTING T H E MAP
J B HARLEY

University of Wisconsin in Milwaukee / Wisconsin, United States

ABSTRACT The paper draws on ideas in postmodern thinking to redefine the nature of maps as representations of power. The traditional rules of cartography - long rooted in a scientific epistemology of the map as an objective form of knowledge — will first be reviewed as an object ofdeconstruction. Second, a deconstructionist argument will explore the textuality of maps, including their metaphorical and rhetorical nature. Third, the paper will examine the dimensions both of external power and of the omnipresence of internal power in the cartographic representation of place. A map says to you, "Read me carefully, follow me closely, doubt me not." It says, "I am the earth in the palm ofyour hand. Without me, you are alone and lost." And indeed you are. Were all the maps in this world destroyed and vanished under the direction of some malevolent hand, each man would be blind again, each city be made a stranger to the next, each landmark become a meaningless signpost pointing to nothing. Yet, looking at it, feeling it, running a finger along its lines, it is a cold thing, a map,humourless and dull, born of calipers and a draughtsman's board. That coastline there, that ragged scrawl of scarlet ink, shows neither sand nor sea nor rock; it speaks of no mariner, blundering full sail in wakeless seas, to bequeath, on sheepskin or a slab of wood, a priceless scribble to posterity. This brown blot that marks a mountain has, for the casual eye, no other significance, thoughtwenty men, or ten, or only one, may have squandered life to climb it. Here is a valley, there a swamp, and there a desert; and here is a river that some curious and courageous soul, like a pencil in the hand of God, first traced with bleeding feet.
BERYL MARKHAM, I 9 8 3 1

The pace of conceptual exploration in the history of cartography — searching for alternative ways of understanding maps — isslow. Some would say that its achievements are largely cosmetic. Applying conceptions of literary history to the history of cartography, it would appear that we are still working largely in either a 'premodern,' or a 'modern' rather than in a 'postmodern' climate of thought. 2 A list of individual explorations would, it is true, contain some that sound impressive. Our students can now be directedto writings that draw on the ideas of information theory, linguistics, semiotics, structuralism, phenomenology, developmental theory, hermeneutics, iconology, marxism, and ideology. We can point to the names in our footnotes of (among others) Cassirer, Gombrich, Piaget, Panofsky, Kuhn, Barthes and Eco. Yet despite these symptoms of change, we are still, willingly or unwillingly, the prisoners ofour own past. My basic argument in this essay is that we should encourage an epistemological shift in the way we interpret the nature of cartography. For historians of cartography, I believe a major roadblock to understanding is that we still accept uncritically the broad consensus, with relatively few dissenting voices, of what cartographers tell us maps are supposed to be. In particular, we oftentend to work from the premise that mappers engage in an unquestionably 'scientific' or 'objective' form of knowledge creation. Of course, cartographers believe they have to say this to remain credible but historians do not have that obligation. It is better for us to begin from the premise that cartography is seldom what cartographers say it is.
j B HARLEY is Professor of Geography at theUniversity of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, and he is Director of the Office of Map History in the American Geographical Society Collection, MS submitted April 1989
CARTOGRAPHICA VOL 26 No 2 SUMMER 1989 PP 1-20

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JB HARLEY

As they embrace computer-assisted methods and Geographical Information Systems, the scientistic rhetoric of map makers is becoming more strident. T h e 'culture of technics' is...