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PRINCIPAL EVENTS INVOLVED IN REPLICATION
1. Adsorption
The first step in infection of a cell is attachment to the cell surface. Attachment is via ionic interactions which are temperature-independent. The viral attachment protein recognizes specific receptors, which may be protein, carbohydrate or lipid, on the outside of the cell. Cells without the appropriate receptors are not susceptible tothe virus.
2. Penetration
The virus enters the cell in a variety of ways according to the nature of the virus.
Enveloped viruses
(A) Entry by fusing with the plasma membrane. Some enveloped viruses fuse directly with the plasma membrane. Thus, the internal components of the virion are immediately delivered to the cytoplasm of the cell (figure 1).
(B) Entry via endosomes at the cell surface (figure2)
Some enveloped viruses require an acid pH for fusion to occur and are unable to fuse directly with the plasma membrane. These viruses are taken up by invagination of the membrane into endosomes. As the endosomes become acidified, the latent fusion activity of the virus proteins becomes activated by the fall in pH and the virion membrane fuses with the endosome membrane. This results in deliveryof the internal components of the virus to the cytoplasm of the cell 
Non-enveloped viruses

Non-enveloped viruses may cross the plasma membrane directly or may be taken up into endosomes. They then cross (or destroy) the endosomal membrane.
3. Uncoating
Nucleic acid has to be sufficiently uncoated that virus replication can begin at this stage. When the nucleic acid is uncoated, infectious virusparticles cannot  be recovered  from the cell - this is the start of the ECLIPSE phase - which lasts until new infectious virions are made.
4. Synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein
Many strategies are used, some will be discussed in later chapters.
5. Assembly/maturation
New virus particles are assembled. There may be a maturation step that follows the initial assembly process.
6. ReleaseVirus may be released due to cell lysis, or, if enveloped, may bud from the cell. Budding viruses (figures 3 and 4) do not necessarily kill the cell. Thus, some budding viruses may be able to set up persistent infections. Not all released viral particles are infectious. The ratio of non-infectious to infectious particles varies with the virus and the growth conditions.
 STRUCTURAL VERSUSNON-STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
All proteins in a mature virus particle are said to be structural proteins - even if they make no contribution to the morphology or rigidity of the virion - non-structural proteins are those viral proteins found in the cell but not packaged into the virion.
EFFECT OF VIRUSES ON HOST MACROMOLECULAR SYNTHESIS
Many viruses inhibit host RNA, DNA or protein synthesis (or anycombination of these). The mechanisms by which the virus does this vary widely.
Cytopathic effect (CPE)
The presence of the virus often gives rise to morphological changes in the host cell. Any detectable changes in the host cell due to infection are known as a cytopathic effect. Cytopathic effects (CPE) may consist of cell rounding, disorientation, swelling or shrinking, death, detachment from the surface,etc.
Many viruses induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in infected cells. This can be an important part of the host cell defense against a virus - cell death before the completion of the viral replication cycle may limit the number of progeny and the spread of infection. (Some viruses delay or prevent apoptosis - thus giving themselves a chance to replicate more virions.)
Some viruses affectthe regulation of expression of the host cell genes which this can have important results both for the virus's ability to grow, and in terms of the effect on the host cell.
The cytopathic effects produced by different viruses depend on the virus and the cells on which it is grown. This can be used in the clinical virology laboratory to aid in identification of a virus isolate.
Assays for...