Austraia

australia
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Etymology
Pronounced  in Australian English the name Australia is derived from the Latin australis, meaning "southern". The country has been referred to colloquially as Oz since the early 20th century.[N 5] Aussie is a common colloquial term for "Australian".
Legends of Terra Australis Incognita—an "unknown land of the South"—dateback to Roman times and were commonplace in medieval geography, although not based on any documented knowledge of the continent. Following European discovery, names for the Australian landmass were often references to the famed Terra Australis.
The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English was in 1625 in "A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, written by Master Hakluyt" and publishedby Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus, a corruption of the original Spanish name Austrialia del Espíritu Santo for an island in Vanuatu.[22] The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south.[23] Australiawas later used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte etle Voyage de la Terre Australe, a 1676 French novel byGabriel de Foigny, under the pen-name Jacques Sadeur.[24] Referring to the entire South Pacific region, Alexander Dalrymple used it in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1771. By the end of the 18th century, the name was being used to refer specifically to Australia, with the botanists GeorgeShaw and Sir James Smith writing of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland" in their 1793 Zoology and Botany of New Holland,[25] and James Wilson including it on a 1799 chart.[26]
The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders, who pushed for it to be formally adopted as early as 1804. When preparing his manuscript and charts for his 1814 AVoyage to Terra Australis, he was persuaded by his patron, Sir Joseph Banks, to use the term Terra Australis as this was the name most familiar to the public. Flinders did so, but allowed himself the footnote:
"Had I permitted myself any innovation on the original term, it would have been to convert it to Australia; as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the othergreat portions of the earth."[27]
This is the only occurrence of the word Australia in that text; but in Appendix III, Robert Brown's General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra Australis, Brown makes use of the adjectival form Australian throughout,[28]—the first known use of that form.[29] Despite popular conception, the book was not instrumental in the adoption ofthe name: the name came gradually to be accepted over the following ten years.[30] Lachlan Macquarie, a Governor of New South Wales, subsequently used the word in his dispatches to England, and on 12 December 1817 recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted.[31] In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia.[32]-------------------------------------------------
History
Human habitation of Australia is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago,[33] possibly with the migration of people byland bridges and short sea-crossings from what is now Southeast Asia. These first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. At the time of European settlement in the late 18th century, mostIndigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers, with a complexoral culture and spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnicallyMelanesian, were originally horticulturalists and hunter-gatherers.[34]
Following sporadic visits by fishermen from the Malay Archipelago,[35] the first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland...