Calque

Calque:
In linguistics, a calque (pron.: /ˈkælk/) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") or root-for-root translation.
Used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components so as to create a new lexeme in the target language."Calque" itself is a loanword from a French noun, and derives from the verb "calquer" ("to trace", "to copy"). "Loanword" is a calque of the German "Lehnwort", just as "loan translation" is of "Lehnübersetzung".
Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword, since in some cases a similar phrase might have arisen in both languagesindependently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the language proposed to be borrowing, or the calque contains less obvious imagery.
Calquing is distinct from phono-semantic matching. While calquing includes (semantic) translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching (i.e. retaining the approximate sound ofthe borrowedword through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent word or morpheme in the target language).
On the other hand, the term ‘calque’, or ‘Through-Translation’ as Newmark (1988) calls it, refers to the case where the translator imitates in his translation the structure or manner of expression of the ST. Actually, this is the core of difference between calque and borrowing, since the lattertransfers the whole word. Calque may introduce a structure that is stranger from the TL. For instance, ‘champions league’, ‘week-end’ and ‘iceberg’ are used in French, though the latter does not consist of such purely English structure 'NP+NP'. Further, more examples of calque translation are to be found in names of international organizations. The latter consist of universal words that can beimitated from one language into another: e.g., European Cultural Convention, Convention culturelle européenne; study group, group d'étude (Newmark, 1988). Calque expressions consist of imitating the manner of expression of the ST in the TT. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, Canadians are accustomed to use the expression 'les compliments de la saison', which is an imitation of the English expression'season greeting', (current French: fruit de saison) (qtd by Bayar, 2007).

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Calco:

El calco estructural o calco léxico es un tipo especial de préstamo que no imita la entidad fonética material (significante) del modelo extranjero, sino otros dos aspectos más "internos": el esquema o construcción morfológica (ingles sky-scraper > español rasca-cielos ) y la significación (fr.mirage > esp. espejismo a partir del significado del francés miroir ‘espejo’) es uno de los aspectos en los préstamos que más interés ha despertado entre los estudiosos de los contactos interlingüísticos.

Clasificación:

Plantearemos una clasificación del calco estructural siguiendo la tipología propuesta por el filólogo alemán Werner Betz (1949). Se basa en criterios formalistas en losque se distinguen tres tipos de calco estructural, en función del grado de modificación formal y conceptual del modelo extranjero:

* Calco literal:
Betz lo define como “la exacta traducción miembro por miembro del modelo”, ya que cada morfema del modelo es traducido por el morfema más próximo de la lengua receptora: La mayoría de los calcos del inglés que encontramos en español soncalcos literales:

Palabra original | Calco literal |
basketball | baloncesto |
unemployment | desempleo |
self-service | autoservicio |
skyscraper | -2-
-2-
rascacielos |
coastguard | guardacostas |
greenhouse effect | efecto invernadero |
light year | año luz |
weekend | fin de semana |

* Calco aproximado:
La reproducción del modelo extranjero es algo más libre...