Ciclotron

cyclotron
http://www.cyclotron-exe.net

Johannes Schmuhl aka cyclotron is into electronical music since 1998. Inspired from the music of Autechre, Mouse on Mars or Aphex Twin he decided to find out "what would happen when i take my KORG and Roland and dont go out for about one week..."
Cyclotron
The cyclotron was one of the earliest types of particle accelerators, and is still used as thefirst stage of some large multi-stage particle accelerators. It makes use of the magnetic force on a moving charge to bend moving charges into a semicircular path between accelerations by an applied electric field. The applied electric field accelerates electrons between the "dees" of the magnetic field region. The field is reversed at the cyclotron frequency to accelerate the electrons back acrossthe gap.

When the cyclotron principle is used to accelerated electrons, it has been historically called a betatron. The cyclotron principle as applied to electrons is illustrated below.

Note: these illustrations are grossly simplified for demonstration fo the cyclotron principle. In current practice sine waves are used for the acceleration and the "dees" are resonant cavities favoring onefrequency. The magnetic fields are typically altered to keep the acceleration condition optimized, even when speeds become high enough that relativistic corrections are necessary. |

Cyclotron Frequency
Usage
For several decades, cyclotrons were the best source of high-energy beams for nuclear physics experiments; several cyclotrons are still in use for this type of research. The resultsenable the calculation of various properties, such as the mean spacing between atoms and the creation of various collision products. Subsequent chemical and particle analysis of the target material may give insight into nuclear transmutation of the elements used in the target.
Cyclotrons can be used in particle therapy to treat cancer. Ion beams from cyclotrons can be used, as in proton therapy, topenetrate the body and kill tumors by radiation damage, while minimizing damage to healthy tissue along their path. Cyclotron beams can be used to bombard other atoms to produce short-lived positron-emitting isotopes suitable for PET imaging.
More recently cyclotrons currently installed at hospitals for particle therapy have been retrofitted to enable them to produce technetium-99.[8]Technetium-99 is a diagnostic isotope in short supply due to difficulties at Canada's Chalk River facility.
[edit] Advantages and limitations

60-inch cyclotron, circa 1939, showing a beam of accelerated ions (likely protons or deuterons) escaping the accelerator and ionizing the surrounding air causing a blue glow
The cyclotron was an improvement over the linear accelerators (linacs) that were availablewhen it was invented, being more cost- and space-effective due to the iterated interaction of the particles with the accelerating field. In the 1920s, it was not possible to generate the high power, high-frequency radio waves which are used in modern linacs (generated by klystrons). As such, unpractically long linac structures were required for higher-energy particles. The compactness of thecyclotron reduces other costs as well, such as foundations, radiation shielding, and the enclosing building.
Cyclotrons have a single electrical driver, which saves both money and power. Furthermore, cyclotrons are able to produce a continuous stream of particles at the target, so the average power passed from a particle beam into a target is relatively high.

The magnet portion of a 27" cyclotron.The gray object is the upper pole piece, routing the magnetic field in two loops through a similar part below. The white canisters held conductive coils to generate the magnetic field. The D electrodes are contained in a vacuum chamber that was inserted in the central field gap.
The spiral path of the cyclotron beam can only "sync up" with klystron-type (constant frequency) voltage sources if...