Claves De Sopa Y Pipa

BASIC INSTRUMENTATION MEASURING DEVICES AND BASIC PID CONTROL

Science and Reactor Fundamentals – Instrumentation & Control CNSC Technical Training Group

i

Table of Contents
Section 1 - OBJECTIVES .................................................................... 3 Section 2 - INSTRUMENTATION EQUIPMENT ...................... 7
2.0 2.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 7 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT .................................................... 7 2.1.1 General Theory ................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Pressure Scales.................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Pressure Measurement ........................................................ 8 2.1.4 Common PressureDetectors............................................... 9 2.1.5 Differential Pressure Transmitters .................................... 11 2.1.6 Strain Gauges .................................................................... 13 2.1.7 Capacitance Capsule ......................................................... 14 2.1.8 Impact of Operating Environment .................................... 152.1.9 Failures and Abnormalities ............................................... 16 2.2 FLOW MEASUREMENT........................................................... 18 2.2.1 Flow Detectors .................................................................. 18 2.2.2 Square Root Extractor....................................................... 25 2.2.3 Density Compensating Flow Detectors............................ 29 2.2.4 Flow Measurement Errors................................................. 31 2.3 LEVEL MEASUREMENT ......................................................... 33 2.3.1 Level Measurement Basics ............................................... 33 2.3.2 Three Valve Manifold...................................................... 34 2.3.3 Open TankMeasurement.................................................. 36 2.3.4 Closed Tank Measurement ............................................... 36 2.3.5 Bubbler Level Measurement System ............................... 42 2.3.6 Effect of Temperature on Level Measurement ................. 44 2.3.7 Effect of Pressure on Level Measurement ....................... 47 2.3.8 Level Measurement System Errors.................................. 472.4 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT ......................................... 49 2.4.1 Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)......................... 49 2.4.2 Thermocouple (T/C) ........................................................ 52 2.4.3 Thermal Wells.................................................................. 54 2.4.4Thermostats......................................................................... 55 2.5 NEUTRON FLUX MEASUREMENT ....................................... 59 2.5.1 Neutron Flux Detection..................................................... 59 2.5.2 Neutron Detection Methods.............................................. 60 2.5.3 Start-up (sub-critical) Instrumentation............................. 61 2.5.4 Fission neutron detectors.................................................. 63 2.5.5 Ion chamber neutron detectors......................................... 64 2.5.6 In-Core Neutron Detectors............................................... 70 2.5.7 Reactor Control at High Power......................................... 77 2.5.8 Overlap of Neutron Detection........................................... 78 REVIEW QUESTIONS - EQUIPMENT............................................. 81

Revision 1 – January 2003

Science and Reactor Fundamentals – Instrumentation & Control CNSC Technical Training Group

ii

Section 3 - CONTROL ................................................................... 89
3.0 3.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 89 BASIC CONTROL PRINCIPLES .................................................