Física

Física:
1.Read the next document.
2. Answer the questions set out in this document.
3. Relationship with the T.G.
Why are there still so few women scientists, especially at the upper levels of the scientific professions?
Persisting differences between women's and men's experience in science make this question as relevant
today as when sociologist Alice Rossi posed it more than three decades agoat a conference on women
in science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Rossi, 1965).
The years since Rossi's groundbreaking analysis have witnessed the revival of the feminist movement
and the increased entry of women into many professions. Women have become lawyers and doctors in
significant numbers, albeit unevenly distributed into high and low statu s subfields of these professions.Despite significant advances, there is a continuing disproportionate lack of women in most scientific and
engineering disciplines, especially at the upper reaches of the professions.
One such scientist, Leslie Barber, a female Ph.D. in molecular biology, decided to end her career as a
research scientist shortly after being awarded the doctorate. She reflected upon the mixed experience of
her maleand female peers in a recent article (Barber, 1995). On the positive side, sh e found widespread
evidence of encouragement for girls and women to pursue scientific professions from the media and
from parents and teachers.
On the negative side, in comparing the career trajectories of the ten members of her graduate research
group, equally divided into five men and five women, Barber notedsignificant differences. Whether or not
the men had done well in their graduate careers, they had forged ahead in their professional lives.
Among the women, three have left research altogether, while the other two languish in post-doctoral
positions,apparently unable to settle on a next step. Barber was initially surprised that, despite the
unique story that each woman offered to explain her situation, thetraditional pattern of relative exclusion
of females from the scientific professions had been reproduced in her graduate cohort.
A guarded professional prognosis or both men and women could well be advised for a field such as
physics, where the potential numbers of qualified applicants, vastly overwhelm traditional occupational
demand (Linowitz, 1996). Certainly there has been a shit away fromnuclear weapons and power plants,
as well as from 'big science' projects such as the cancelled Superconducting Super Collider, which once
gave virtually automatic multiple choices of employment to Ph.D. physicists. Although not unemployed,
young physicists can often be found utilizing their quantitative and analytical skills in the back rooms of
Wall Street or even in their own financial firms.
Buthow can the male-female divide in following scientific research careers, as identified by Barber, be
explained for molecular biology, given the prolieration of biotechnology firms with research positions in
recent years? Why has the increase in women entering graduate school not been fully translated into
female scientists occupying higher positions in the field? Why has science lagged otherprofessions in its
inclusion of women? The answers to these questions, and the responsibility or repairing a less than
optimal outcome, can be found primarily within science and secondarily in the larger society [National
Research Council, 1940; ox, 1994].

Física:
Indagación:
1.Lea el siguiente documento.
2. Responda a las preguntas que figuran en este documento.
3. Relación con el T.G.

¿Por qué haytodavía tan pocas mujeres científicas, especialmente en los niveles superiores de las
profesiones científicas? La persistencia de las diferencias entre las mujeres y la experiencia de los
hombres en la ciencia hacen esta pregunta tan relevante hoy como cuando sociólogo Alice Rossi
planteó hace más de tres décadas en una conferencia sobre las mujeres en la ciencia en el Instituto de
Tecnología de...