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Behavioral Ecology Exam III
Multiple Choice (2 points)

B____ 1. All of the following describe situations in which males are more likely to give parental care EXCEPT:
A) external fertilization of eggs
B) high uncertainty of paternity
C) caring for offspring makes males more attractive to females
D) B and C
E) all of the above make male parental care more likely


E____2. Which of the following is (or could lead to) a type of non-resource defense polygyny?
A) lek polygyny
B) scramble competition polygyny
C) females live in tight social groups
D) B and C
E) all of the above I accepted C or E depending on how you interpreted the question; (non-resource, defense polygyny or non-resource defense polygyny)
A____ 3. Each of the followingconditions is required for reciprocal altruism to be favored, EXCEPT: (told them to cross off except during exam)
A) Must have sufficient long-term memory to remember those that cheat you
B) The value of receiving help when needed must be less than the cost of giving help (backwards)
C) Must be related to those that you help
D) None of the above
E) All of the above are requiredB____4. Star-bellied Sneetches (a bird) are able to raise 3 offspring each breeding season. However, they lay 4 eggs. The smallest chick does not usually survive unless one of the larger chicks dies from predation or disease, or resources in the area are super-abundant. What is likely to be the parents behavior concerning this sibling rivalry if resources are not abundant?

Parents willpreferentially feed the small chick because it is most needy


Parents will manage the sibling rivalry so that the small chick loses quickly (preferential feeding)


Parents will protect the smaller, weaker chick from its siblings


A and C


None of the above


A____ 5. The European blackbird, a species of conditional migrant, begins its migration period:A) when contests between individuals begin to escalate.
B) when seasonal conditions allow for ideal celestial navigation.
C) when the benefits of colonizing a new habitat outweigh the dangers of the voyage
D) when the number of socially dominant individuals declines sharply.
E) none of the above

E____ 6. If females in a population are very widely distributed, hard to find,and/or indefensible, males should choose which of the following as a mating system?
A) Scramble competition polygyny
B) Mate-guarding monogamy
C) Resource-defense polygyny
D) Equal opportunity sex lottery
E) There is not enough information to make a solid prediction (We must know about receptiveness of females to make a good prediction)




B_____ 8. Average relatednessbetween individuals in a wasp nest is 0.25. In the spring, two females born on the same nest last fall are considering whether to nest together or separately. If they nest together, the larger one will become the queen and the other one will be subordinate and not reproduce. The nest will produce 50 offspring at the end of the season. If they don’t join together, the large foundress’ nest will produce14 offspring and the small one 10. Will the small one be favored to join? (Think of costs and benefits in terms of offspring instead of lives)
a) Yes
b) No
c) Selection will be neutral about the decision
d) It is impossible to tell from the information given

C_____ 9. Under which of the following hypotheses regarding male monogamy would the male actually have a higher fitnessif he were not monogamous?
a) Mate-assistance
b) Mate-guarding
c) Female-enforced
d) All of the above
e) None of the above

True-False (2 pts each)

T_____ 1) Migrant species are expected to act to decrease the costs of migration, including potentially avoiding flying over water to reduce the risk of drowning.

F_____ 2) Usually, it is the females that disperse from the...