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Benito Pablo Juárez García ( /beˈnito ˈpaβlo ˈxwares garˈsi.a/ (help•info)), (21 March 1806 – 18 July 1872)[1][2] was a Mexican lawyer and politician of Zapotec origin from Oaxaca who served as thepresident of Mexico for five terms: 1858–1861 as interim, then 1861–1865, 1865–1867, 1867–1871 and 1871–1872 as constitutional president.[3] He resisted the French occupation of Mexico, overthrew theSecond Mexican Empire, restored the Republic, and used liberal measures to modernize the country.
He politica carrer in Juárez became a lawyer in 1834 and a judge in 1841.[4] He was governor of thestate of Oaxaca from 1847 to 1852; in 1853, he went into exile because of his objections to the corrupt military dictatorship of Antonio López de Santa Anna
Faced with growing discontent, Santa Annaresigned in 1855 and Juárez returned to Mexico. The winning party, the liberales (Liberals) formed a provisional government under General Juan Álvarez, inaugurating the period known as La Reforma. TheReform laws sponsored by the puro (pure) wing of the Liberal Party curtailed the power of the Catholic Church and the military, while trying to create a modern civil society and capitalist economybased on the model of the United States. The Ley Juárez (Juárez Law) of 1855 declared all citizens equal before the law and severely restricted the privileges of the Catholic Church. Juárez was a FreeMason and founded the Rito Nacional Mexicano lodge in which he held the symbolic name of Guillermo Tell.
In March 1861, Juárez was finally elected President in his own right under the Constitution of1857. However, the Liberals' celebrations of 1861 were short-lived. The war had severely damaged Mexico's infrastructure and crippled its economy. While the Conservatives had been defeated, they wouldnot disappear and the Juárez government had to respond to pressures from these factions. One of these concessions was amnesty to captured Conservative guerrillas who were still resisting the Juárez...