Interaccion humana en el diseño de procesos de manufactura

ABSTRACT
Manufacturing design processes for complex systems, like advanced fighter aircraft, require a special emphasis on human interactions to technical fabrication and assembly functions. The role of the human is being refined as manufacturing processes become more sophisticated. The infusion of human performance requirements into manufacturing design is a sensible approach to achievingefficient, cost-effective manufacturing processes. We will discuss the early input of ergonomics criteria and the benefits of addressing the human interaction in the manufacturing design process.
INTRODUCTION
Productivity, quality and safety goals can be greatly enhanced by applying design methodologies to manufacturing that have been established for defining the roles of operators andmaintainers of aircraft. These techniques will be discussed as they relate to the manufacturing design processes. The background for this approach is based on guidance that has been used for Human Factors Engineering requirements by the Department of Defense dating back to shortly after World War II. Recently, the Crew System Directorate, Armstrong Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, hasinitiated and distributed a Crew-Centered Design Technology Program. Much of this discussion comes from that program and places the guidance into the manufacturing design environment. The view point is that the area of designing for the builder of aerospace products has not been adequately addressed by the human engineering literature. Traditionally, human factors has addressed operator andmaintainer interests, but not manufacturing. Human factors in the United States has been focused on a cognitive orientation and ergonomics on the physical. But the European view considers these as the same effort. Separating the two views is not possible, but using the same methodology to address cognitive and physical concerns provides a more thorough approach. Here human factors and ergonomics areconsidered as interchangeable concepts. There are a number of checklists available
Copyright © 1997 by Lockheed Martin Corporation. Published by SAE International and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. with permission
that discuss human capability that can be used to evaluate designs. However, incorporating methodology into the design process will have greatergains than applying parameters of a checklist after the design has progressed (Getty and Aust, 1997). A description of these methodologies will be given with a discussion of the benefits that have been gained at Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems (LMTAS) by applying these human engineering concepts in an ergonomics effort applied to the manufacture of the F-16 Fighter Aircraft.Overview of Design Process
Manufacturing systems engineering (MSE). MSE is a technical discipline which applies the systems engineering approach to the human integration with manufacturing processes. Systems from a product engineering approach entails the systems that are designed to function together to enable the final product to perform its assigned purpose. In a manufacturing systems conceptsystems addresses the total process of fabricating and assembling to include all the people, machine and technology elements that must work together to produce a successful product. Using a multi-disciplined, systems approach to planning, analysis, design and test of manufacturing processes will result in a well integrated manufacturing system that is capable of producing the designed product. Aninterdisciplinary approach is best to evolve and verify an integrated and life-cycle balanced set of system product and process solutions that are operationally suitable. Representative manufacturing systems design activities may include the following (Level of detail will be determined by complexity of manufacturing process):
a)Prepare realistic manufacturing profiles and process scenarios....