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Grammar rules with examples - form and use
Form
► The past perfect simple is made with the auxiliary verb had + past participle (which is different for regular and irregular verbs: -ed ending for regular verbs, e.g. worked, travelled, tried, different forms for irregular verbs, e.g. written, made, sung).
Positive statement: I had travelled, He had done.
Negative statement: I had not done (Ihadn't done)
Question form: Had I done?
Negative question: Had I not done? (Hadn't I done?)
We make the passive voice with had + been + past participle: It had been done. They had been asked. (See more at Active and passive voice.)
Use
1. We use the past perfect simple tense to make it clear that an event was completed before another event..
The door bell rang at last. I had been in the roomsince breakfast. (The bell rang at noon. I came in the morning - before that.)
When I arrived there Sarah had already left. (I arrived after lunch. Sara went home before lunch.)
I was so hungry! I had not eaten anything since the morning. (It was late at night.)
2. It is used to refer to activities that were completed before a point of time.
In 2005 I had lived in the same place for tenyears. Had you ever travelled by plane before your holiday in Spain?
Compare
1. The past perfect tense is often used with expressions indicating that some activities took some time, such as: for 10 years, since 1995, all week, all the time, always ... These activities began before a point of time (or another action) and continued to that point.
When the plane landed Tim had travelled all day.
Myparents moved away from Leeds. They had lived there since they got married.
In 2005 Derek started to work in Berlin. He had always planned it.
These expressions are also used with the present perfect, which refers, however, to activities that started in the past and still continue.
I have been in Paris for a week. (I came a week ago and I am still in Paris.)
When I met Annie I had been in Parisfor a week. (I came to Paris a week before I met Annie and I am not there anymore.)
2. We also use the past perfect simple for an action that ended a long time before the point of time that we refer to.
In 2001 Angie worked in Glasgow. In 1980's she had worked in Wales. (Angie left her job in Glasgow in 1989. In 2001 she worked in Glasgow. But we do not know what she did in the meantime.)Compare
1. The past simple is used for activities that happened some time ago. The past perfect simple is used for events that happened before a point of time in the past.
Jim returned at 4 o'clock. He had called Jane on the way back home and now she appeared at the door.
In this story the sentences are in a reversed order, because in reality, first Jim called Jane and then he returned. If we wantto keep this sentence order, we must use the past perfect tense to make it clear that Jim called Jane first.
2. If the sentence order is the same as the order of the activities, we can use the past simple.
Jim called Jane on the way back home. He returned at 4 o'clock and now she appeared at the door.
This difference is important. In some situations these two tenses have a completely differentmeaning.
I arrived at the garage. They told me to pay in cash. But I only had my credit card. I couldn't pay.
I arrived at the garage. They had told me to pay in cash. I paid and left immediately.
In the first case I did not know that I had to pay in cash. They told me after my arrival.
In the second case I was informed before my arrival and had no problems.
In time clauses
In time clausesafter when we use the past simple if we want to say that the first activity led to the second and that the second followed the first very closely.
When the film ended he switched off the television.
The perfect form is used when we want to make it clear that the first event was completed before the second started and that there is no relation between them.
When she had washed the dishes she had...