Linguistics

Syntax in linguistics is the study of how abstract units of language such as words acceptably combine into larger grammatical structures such as phrases and sentences. Syntacticians attempt to define rules which describe the formation such structures and disallow others, either in the grammar of a specific language, or in all languages. Since the publication of Noam Chomsky's book SyntacticStructures in 1957, much research on syntax in the modern discipline of linguistics has been within the frameworks of generative linguistics theories such as minimalist syntax, or has emerged in competition to those theories. Let us now move on to another major structural aspect of language, syntax.  The word syntax derives from the Greek word syntaxis, which means arrangement.  Morphology deals withword formation out of morphemes; syntax deals with phrase and sentence formation out of words

Syntagmatic structure (structure of syntax) is "the mode of time-awareness which listeners are placed" such as 'narrative', 'epic', or 'lyrical'. A Syntagma is one syntactic or syntagmatic element. Narrative structures feature a realistic temporal flow guided by tension and relaxation, privilegedifference, and "as diegesis, songs speak to or address us by organizing a particular stretch of time into a conscious experience, and an experience of consciousness" (Cubitt 1984, p.216). Epic structures tend to the opposite, privileging repetition, creating a mythic state of recurrence, and "emptying out" the subject (ibid, p.216-17). Lyrical structures lie in between and feature symmetricalopen/closed and binary forms. (Middleton 1990, p.251 and 217)
In semiotics "syntagmatic analysis" is analysis of syntax or surface structure (Syntagmatic structure), rather than paradigms as in paradigmatic analysis. This is often done through commutation tests. ([1])
Paradigmatic analysis is the analysis of paradigms embedded in the text rather than of the surface structure (syntax) of the text which istermed syntagmatic analysis. Paradigmatic analysis often uses commutation tests, i.e. analysis by substituting words of the same type or class to calibrate shifts in connotation.[1]
Semantics[1] is the study of meaning, usually in language. The word "semantics" itself denotes a range of ideas, from the popular to the highly technical. It is often used in ordinary language to denote a problem ofunderstanding that comes down to word selection or connotation. This problem of understanding has been the subject of many formal inquiries, over a long period of time. In linguistics, it is the study of interpretation of signs or symbols as used by agents or communities within particular circumstances and contexts.[2] Within this view, sounds, facial expressions, body language, proxemics havesemantic (meaningful) content, and each has several branches of study. In written language, such things as paragraph structure and punctuation have semantic content; in other forms of language, there is other semantic content.[2]
The formal study of semantics intersects with many other fields of inquiry, including proxemics, lexicology, syntax, pragmatics, etymology and others, although semantics isa well-defined field in its own right, often with synthetic properties.[3] In philosophy of language, semantics and reference are related fields. Further related fields include philology, communication, and semiotics. The formal study of semantics is therefore complex.
The word semantic in its modern sense is considered to have first appeared in French as sémantique in Michel Bréal's 1897 book,Essai de sémantique'.
In international scientific vocabulary semantics is also called semasiology.
The discipline of Semantics is distinct from Alfred Korzybski's General Semantics, which is a system for looking at the semantic reactions of the whole human organism in its environment to some event, symbolic or otherwise.

The dynamic turn in semantics

In Chomskian linguistics there was no...