Phonetica y phonologia en ingles

MATERIA DE PHON PHON

Phonetics- Phonology - Language

Linguistics is the scientific study of language “study of languages as ends in themselves” (crystal)
Language, as a dual structure (oral and written), is the analysis object of linguistics. The bridge among language and speech is phonetics.
 Phonetics: it is the scientific study of speech!
 Charact of language: double articulation,self-perpetuating, displacement and arbitrariness.

* Phonetics: divided into
- Articulatory phon: organs of speech and their use in the production of sounds. Articulators and interaction to create specific sounds, description of movements.
- Acoustic phon: physical properties of the sounds produced in speaking. Analysis of the medium. Empiric results, measurable.
- Auditory phon: processingand interpretation of speech sounds by the ear. Brain activity, perception.

*Phonology
 “relations among speech sounds in part. Languages” processes as applied to auracy (pertaining to speech) Fills the gap between language and phonetics, it is more “down to earth”.

*The Speech Chain
- Speaker  - Intuition: The speaker decides to say something
Articulatory phon -Language: The desired thought is encoded
- Motor programme and muscle movement: Activation of the CNS.
- Medium 
Acoustic phon - Sound wave in the air: vibrations through the air as a sound
- Electronic transduction: the sound wave may be converted to analog or digital form and thus transported thousands of miles to be converted back tothe form of sound.
- Listener 
Auditory phon - Hearing: the sound wave strikes the eardrum of a person
- Auditory and language processing: recognition of the phonemes, intonation and duration and the vocal quality
Understanding: “Manufacture” of a “replica” of the speaker’s thought.
* Other stage: Feedback

The Vocal Tract
- Function: to set air in motion and control its flow.
-Glottis  beginning of voice - aerodynamics of lungs.
- The one that determines where the air is going out id the uvula. If it is raised, the voice goes out by the buccal chamber. If it is lowered, it goes out by the nasal chamber.

*Functional components of speech
- Initiation  flow of air is set in motion in and through the vocal tract.
- Articulation  shaping the air stream to generate aspecific speech sound.
- Phonation  certain types of modulation of the airstream.

 Articulators  part of the vocal tract involved in the art. Of a segment, specially consonants. They can be active or passive.
* Articulatory setting: maintaining the organs of speech in a particular configuration in speech. They can be a nasal twang, lip rounding, or lisping. Some are based on dialects, andothers are physiologically based.

SOUNDS OF ENGLISH

Inventory: 20 vocoids: 12 pure vowels and 8 diphthongs
24 contoids: 22 consonants and 2 semivowels
*phoneme: distinctive unit of sound, minimal unit of sound
*coarticulation: we never speak in isolation, we are ready to articulate the next sound.

Segments of English:
 Vocoids: divided into pure vowels and diphthongs
- Airpasses freely though the buccal chamber. Main articulator is the tongue.
- Pure vowels: One articulatory movement. Classified according to 1) height of the tongue: close, half-close, half-open, open; 2) Part of the tongue: front, central, back.
- Diphthongs: Two articulatory movements. They are nucleus of syllable, or syllable by themselves. They are classified as centring and closing, depending onthe direction. In English they are all falling.

 Contoids: flow of air finds obstruction  friction, nasal chamber, audible plosion…
- Semivowels: phonetically speaking, they are vowels, but they can’t be the nucleus of a syllable, nor exist by themselves.

Parameters of classification
- Source of energy: pulmonic / non-pulmonic.
- Direction of flow of air: egressive / ingressive
-...