Radiografias Pediatricas

Paediatric Radiography

Maryann Hardy
MSc, BSc(Hons), DCR

Stephen Boynes
MSc, BSc(Hons), TDCR School of Health Studies, University of Bradford, UK

Blackwell Science

© 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd, a Blackwell Publishing Company Editorial Offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Tel: +44 (0)1865 776868 Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018, USATel: +1 781 388 8250 Iowa State Press, a Blackwell Publishing Company, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA Tel: +1 515 292 0140 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia Tel: +61 (0)3 9347 0300 Blackwell Wissenschafts Verlag, Kurfürstendamm 57, 10707 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 (0)30 32 79 060 The right of the Author to be identified asthe Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the priorpermission of the publisher.

First published 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hardy, Maryann. Paediatric radiography/Maryann Hardy, Stephen Boynes. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-632-05631-2 (hbk.) 1. Pediatric radiography. 2. Diagnostic imaging. 3. Pediatrics. I. Title: Pediatric radiography. II. Boynes, Stephen. III.Title. RJ51.R3 .H37 2003 618.92¢07572–dc21 2002038606 ISBN 0-632-05631-2 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 10/12.5 pt Palatino by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd, Hong Kong Printed and bound in Great Britain by Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com

ContentsPreface Acknowledgements 1 Understanding childhood Physical growth Psychological and cognitive development Birth to 3 years 3 to 7 years 7 to 11 years Adolescents Role of family Role of play Summary References 2 Consent, immobilisation and health care law Children’s rights Health care law Immobilisation versus restraint Holding children still – a five-point model Summary References 3 Radiationprotection Ionising radiation regulations Patient positioning Field size and beam limitation Protective shielding Radiographic exposure parameters Focal spot size Tube filtration Voltage Anti-scatter grids Screen film systems Digital systems Automatic exposure control Automatic brightness control Summary References ix xi 1 2 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 12 18 19 21 21 22 23 23 25 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 2728
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Contents

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The chest and upper respiratory tract Structural and functional anatomy The thorax, lungs and respiratory tract The thymus The heart Pathology of the chest and upper respiratory tract The upper/extra-thoracic airway The lower/intra-thoracic airway The chest wall and pleura Radiographic technique for the chest and upper respiratory tract Choice of projectionAntero-posterior (supine) Antero-posterior (erect) Postero-anterior (erect) Radiographic assessment criteria for antero-posterior/ postero-anterior projections of the chest Area of interest to be included on the radiograph Rotation Lordosis Respiration Exposure Artefacts Supplementary radiographic projections of the chest and upper respiratory tract Lateral chest Lateral decubitus (antero-posterior)Lateral soft tissue neck Post-nasal space Exposure factors and radiation protection Summary References

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The abdomen Anne-Marie Dixon Structural and functional anatomy Gastrointestinal system Genitourinary system Gastrointestinal pathology Congenital pyloric stenosis Intussusception Appendicitis Hernia...