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Jerome Bruner is an American psychologist who has made significant contributions to human cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology.
According to Bruner, allchildren have natural curiosity. Further, learning is an active, social process in which students construct new ideas or concepts based on current knowledge. The student selects information, originateshypotheses, and makes decisions in the process of integrating experiences into their existing mental constructs.
As far as instruction is concerned, the teacher should try andencourage students to discover principles by themselves. The teacher and the students should engage in an active dialogue. In his research on the cognitive development of children, he proposed three modesof representation:
* Enactive representation (actions-based):
(0 - 1 year)This appears first. It involves encoding action based information and storing it in our memory. For example, in the form of movement as a muscle memory, a baby might remember the action of shaking arattle. This mode of representation does not apply only for children. Many adults can perform a variety of motor tasks (typing, sewing a shirt) that they would find difficult to describe in iconic(picture) or symbolic (word) form.
* Iconic representation (image-based):

(1 - 6 years)
This is where information is stored visually in the form of images (a mental picture in the mind’s eye).For some, this is conscious; others say they don’t experience it. This may explain why, when we are learning a new subject, it is often helpful to have diagrams or illustrations to accompany verbalinformation.

* Symbolic representation (language-based):

(7 years onwards)
This is where information is stored in the form of a code or symbol, such as language.
Symbols are flexible, they...