Akfdsk
Páginas: 3 (649 palabras)
Publicado: 29 de septiembre de 2012
s- and p-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals
1s
2s
n=2 l=0 ml = 0
2p
n=2 l=0 ml = -1 ml = 0
H: 1s1
n=1 l=0 ml = 0 ml = 1
s- and p-orbitals‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals
1s
2s
n=2 l=0 ml = 0
2p
n=2 l=0 ml = -1 ml = 0
He: 1s2
n=1 l=0 ml = 0 ml = 1
s- and p-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals
1s
2s
n=2l=0 ml = 0
2p
n=2 l=0 ml = -1 ml = 0
Li: 1s2 2s1
n=1 l=0 ml = 0 ml = 1
s- and p-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals
1s
2s
n=2 l=0 ml = 0
2p
n=2 l=0 ml = -1 ml = 0Be: 1s2 2s2
n=1 l=0 ml = 0 ml = 1
s- and p-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals
1s
2s
2p
B: 1s2 2s22p1
‘core’ closed shell open shell: valence electrons
s- andp-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals
1s
2s
2p
C: 1s2 2s22p2
Hund’s rule: maximum number of unpaired electrons is the lowest energy arrangement.
s- and p-orbitals
‘Aufbau’Principle: filling orbitals
1s
2s
2p
N: 1s2 2s22p3 O: 1s2 2s22p4
s- and p-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals
1s
2s
2p
F: 1s2 2s22p5 Ne: 1s2 2s22p6
s- andp-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals
Na: 1s22s22p63s1 Mg: 1s22s22p63s2
or [Ne]3s1 or [Ne]3s2
P: [Ne]3s23p3 Ar: [Ne]3s23p6
d-orbitals
4s 3s E 2s 3d 3p 2p
1s Due to deeperpenetration of s-orbitals, 4s lies lower in energy than 3d
d-orbitals
K: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 or [Ar]4s1 Ca: [Ar]4s2 Sc: [Ar]4s23d1 V: [Ar]4s23d3 Cr: [Ar]4s13d5
Co: [Ar]4s23d7 Cu: [Ar]4s13d10 Zn:[Ar]4s23d10 Ga: [Ar]4s23d104p1 Kr: [Ar]4s23d104p6
‘s’-groups
Beyond the d-orbitals
‘p’-groups
d-transition elements
lanthanides actinides
f-transition elements
Aufbau rules
1. Withina shell (n) the filling order is s>p>d>f 2. Within a subshell (l), lowest energy arrangement has the highest number of unpaired spin (Hund’s rule) 3. The (n+1)s orbitals always fill before the nd...
Leer documento completo
Regístrate para leer el documento completo.