Bienestar Subjetivo Tres Decadas De Progreso

Psychological Bulletin
1999, Vol. 125, No. 2, 276-302

Copyright 1999 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.
0033-2909/99/$3.00

Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress
Ed Diener, Eunkook M. Suh, Richard E. Lucas, and Heidi L. Smith
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
W. Wilson's (1967) review of the área of subjective well-being (SWB) advanced severalconclusions regarding those who report high levéis of "happiness." A number of his conclusions have been overturned: youth and modest aspirations no longer are seen as prerequisites of SWB. E. Diener's (1984) review placed greater emphasis on theories that stressed psychological factors. In the current article, the authors review current evidence for Wilson's conclusions and discuss modern theories of SWBthat stress dispositional influences, adaptation, goals, and coping strategies. The next steps in the evolution of the field are to comprehend the interaction of psychological factors with life circumstances in producing SWB, to understand the causal pathways leading to happiness, understand the processes underlying adaptation to events, and develop theories that explain why certain variablesdifferentially influence the different components of SWB (life satisfaction, pleasant affect, and unpleasant affect).

In 1967, Warner Wilson presented a broad review of subjective well-being (SWB) research entitled, "Correlates of Avowed Hap-piness." Based on the limited data available at that time, Wilson concluded that the happy person is a "young, healthy, well-educated, well-paid,extroverted, optimistic, worry-free, religious, married person with high self-esteem, Job morale, modest aspira¬tions, of either sex and of a wide range of intelligence" (p. 294). In the three decades since Wilson's review, investigations into SWB have evolved. Although researchers now know a great deal more about the correlates of SWB, they are less interested in simply describing the demographiccharacteristics that correlate with it. Instead, they focus their effort on understanding the processes that underlie happiness. This trend represents a greater recognition of the central role played by people's goals, coping efforts, and dispositions. In this article, we review research on several major theoretical approaches to well-being and then indícate how these theories clarify the fmdings ondemographic correlates of SWB.
Throughout the review we suggest four directions that research¬ers should pursue in the decades ahead. These are by no means the only questions left to answer, but we believe they are the most interesting issues left to resolve. First, the causal direction of the correlates of happiness must be examined through more sophisti-cated methodologies. Although the causalpriority of demographic factors such as marriage and income is intuitively appealing, it is by no means certain. Second, researchers must focus greater at-tention on the interaction between internal factors (such as per-sonality traits) and external circumstances. As we shall see, de¬mographic factors have surprisingly small effects on SWB, but

these effects may depend on the personalities of thoseindividuáis being studied. Thus, future research must take Person X Situation interactions into account. Third, researchers must strive to under¬stand the processes underlying adaptation. Considerable adaptation to both good and bad circumstances often occurs, yet the processes responsible for these effects are poorly understood. Research that examines how habituation, coping strategies, andchanging goals influence adaptation will shed much light on the processes respon-sible for SWB. Finally, theories must be refined to make specific predictions about how input variables differentially influence the components of SWB. In the past, many researchers have treated SWB as a monolithic entity, but it is now clear that there are separable components that exhibit unique patterns of relations...