Combustion - Glassman

Combustion

This page intentionally left blank

Combustion
Fourth Edition

Irvin Glassman
Richard A. Yetter

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO

Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California92101-4495, USA
84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK
Copyright © 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Permissions may be sought directly fromElsevier’s Science & Technology Rights
Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) 1865 843830, fax: ( 44) 1865 853333,
E-mail: permissions@elsevier.com. You may also complete your request online
via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Support & Contact”
then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.”
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataBritish Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-0-12-088573-2

For information on all Academic Press publications
visit our Web site at www.elsevierdirect.com
Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd., A Macmillan Company. (www.macmillansolutions.com)
Printed in the United States of America
08 09 10
9876543

2

1

ThisFourth Edition is dedicated to the graduate students, post docs, visiting
academicians, undergraduates, and the research and technical staff who contributed so much to the atmosphere for learning and the technical contributions
that emanated from Princeton’s Combustion Research Laboratory.

This page intentionally left blank

No man can reveal to you aught but that
which already lieshalf asleep in the dawning
of your knowledge.
If he (the teacher) is wise he does not bid
you to enter the house of his wisdom, but
leads you to the threshold of your own mind.
The astronomer may speak to you of his
understanding of space, but he cannot give
you his understanding.
And he who is versed in the science of
numbers can tell of the regions of weight and
measures, but he cannotconduct you hither.
For the vision of one man lends not its
wings to another man.
Gibran, The Prophet
The reward to the educator lies in his
pride in his students’ accomplishments. The
richness of that reward is the satisfaction in
knowing the frontiers of knowledge have been
extended.
D. F. Othmer

This page intentionally left blank

Contents

Prologue
Preface

CHAPTER 1.CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS AND
FLAME TEMPERATURES

xvii
xix

1

A.
B.
C.
D.

Introduction
Heats of reaction and formation
Free energy and the equilibrium constants
Flame temperature calculations
1. Analysis
2. Practical considerations
E. Sub- and super sonic combustion thermodynamics
1. Comparisons
2. Stagnation pressure considerations
Problems

1
1
8
16
16
22
32
32
33
36CHAPTER 2. CHEMICAL KINETICS

43

A. Introduction
B. Rates of reactions and their temperature dependence
1. The Arrhenius rate expression
2. Transition state and recombination rate theories
C. Simultaneous interdependent reactions
D. Chain reactions
E. Pseudo-first-order reactions and the “fall-off” range
F. The partial equilibrium assumption
G. Pressure effect in fractionalconversion
H. Chemical kinetics of large reaction mechanisms
1. Sensitivity analysis
2. Rate of production analysis
3. Coupled thermal and chemical reacting systems
4. Mechanism simplification
Problems

43
43
45
47
52
53
57
60
61
62
63
65
66
68
69

x

Contents

CHAPTER 3. EXPLOSIVE AND GENERAL OXIDATIVE
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUELS
A.
B.
C.
D.

75

Introduction
Chain...