Cranial

Cranial Vault Asymmetry
Mid-Face Asymmetry
Skull-Base Asymmetry
Cephalic Index
Cross Measurements (Orthomerica)

Anthropometry is the science of measuring the human body and its parts.
Craniofacial anthropometry involves measurement of the skull and face.
Measurement of the craniofacial complex is important for studies of human growth, populational variation and clinical treatment.
  Thelandmarks and measurements that appear below are used by DOC™ treatment centers to monitor the treatment of positional plagiocephaly.
Plagiocephaly is a condition describing an abnormal head shape.
Some forms of plagiocephaly result from craniosynostosis [the premature closure of the sutures of the skull], a condition usually requiring surgical intervention.
However, positional plagiocephalyresults from extrinsic molding of the head rather than from synostosis
and often can be treated during infancy with an orthosis.
Click on a landmark to link to its definition and to measurements taken from that point.
For addition information see Farkas & Munro (1987) or Kolar & Salter (1997).

These images were originally published in Kelly et al. (1999).

en (endocanthion): theinner corner of the eye fissure where the eyelids meet.
* en-en (interocular distance), measured by sliding caliper: covering tips of caliper with index fingers, place fixed tip above subject's right endocanthion. Use 3rd and 5th fingers to steady Instrument above subject's face as you slide left tip to the left endocanthion.
eu (eurion): the most lateral point on the head (identified inopposition, see below)
* eu-eu (maximum cranial breadth), measured by spreading calipers: slide both tips of caliper down lateral sides of parietal bones, then move caliper tips forward and back until maximum width (eurions) is reached.
* fz r-eu I & fz I-eu r (cranial vault asymmetry), measured across the midline using spreading calipers: fz r-eu I; hold the tip of the caliper on theleft eurion [eu-l], slide the other tip of the caliper to the anterior prominence of the right frontozygomaticus [fz-r]. Repeat on opposite side for fz I- eu r.
ex (exocanthion): the outer corner of the eye fissure where the eyelids meet.
* ex-ex (biocular width), measured by sliding caliper: covering tips of caliper as in en-en, place fixed tip of caliper above subject's right exocanthion,slide movable tip to position above subject's left exocanthion; use fingers to steady the instrument above the subject's face.
* ex-t (orbito-tragial distance, also referred to as upper cheek depth), measured on the left and right sides of the face using spreading calipers: hold the anterior tip of caliper to exocanthion, touch posterior tip lightly to tragus. Reverse for other side of face.ft (frontotemporale): the most medial point on the temporal crest, identified by palpation.
* ft-ft (minimum frontal breadth), measured by spreading calipers: by palpation with index fingers, identify temporal crests of frontal bone. Continue along crests to the deepest (most medial) points of curves superior to the superior orbital rims; make sure caliper tips do not slip into temporalfossae.
fz (frontozygomaticus): the most lateral point on the frontozygomatic suture. 
* fz-fz (supraorbital breadth-bony), measured by spreading caliper:  place tips of caliper at the right and left frontozygomaticus.
* fz-g (supraorbital half-breadth), measured on the right and left sides of the head by sliding caliper: place the tip of the fixed arm at the frontozygomatic suture [fz] andslide the arm medially until it touches glabella.
* fz-g-fz (frontozygomaticus-glabella-frontozygomaticus), measured on the surface above the orbits using a measuring tape: place the tape at the origin of the right frontozygomaticus, guiding the tape over glabella to the left frontozygomaticus.
* fz r-eu I & fz I-eu r (cranial vault asymmetry), measured across the midline using...