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Gauss was responsible, in a paper published in 1809,for developing the statistical theory underlying the method of least squares. He was educated at U Göttingen and U Helmstedt, obtaining his doctorate from the latter in 1799. His work on least squares,which was a consequence of his appointment as director of the observatory at Göttingen in 1807, also entailed his deriving an appropriate error distribution — the distribution now called the normal orGaussian distribution.
Gauss—one of the greatest ever known—who devised a method for working out the orbit of a body from just three observations. Gauss turned his attention to mathematicalapplications for astronomy at about the same time that Guiseppe Piazzi discovered the first asteroid, Ceres, in 1801. By 1807 Gauss had become director of the Göttingen Observatory and in 1809 published hisquick method for calculating the asteroid's orbit. This enabled astronomers to recover Ceres after it had become “lost” behind the Sun following its discovery. Gauss also worked out the theories ofperturbations that were eventually used by Urbain Leverrier and John Adams in their independent calculations that led to the discovery of Neptune. After 1817 Gauss did no further work in theoretical...
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