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Clayton Paul Alderfer (born September 1, 1940 in Sellersville, Pennsylvania) is an American psychologist who further developed Maslow's hierarchy of needs by categorizing the hierarchy into his ERGtheory (Existence, Relatedness and Growth). The existence group is concerned with providing our basic material existence requirements. They include the items that Maslow considered to be physiologicaland safety needs. The second group of needs is those of relatedness- the desire we have for maintaining important interpersonal relationships. These social and status desires require interaction withothers if they are to be satisfied, and they align with Maslow's social need and the external component of Maslow's esteem classification. Finally, Alderfer isolates growth needs' an intrinsic desirefor personal development. These include the intrinsic component from Maslow's esteem category and the characteristics included under self-actualization.

Alderfer categorized the lower order needs(Physiological and Safety) into the Existence category. He fit Maslow's interpersonal love and esteem needs into the Relatedness category. The Growth category contained the self-actualization andself-esteem needs. Alderfer also proposed a regression theory to go along with the ERG theory. He said that when needs in a higher category are not met then individuals redouble the efforts invested in alower category need. For example if self-actualization or self-esteem is not met then individuals will invest more effort in the relatedness category in the hopes of achieving the higher need.

Seealso

Psychology portal
Motivation
Publications

Alderfer, Clayton P., An Empirical Test of a New Theory of Human Needs; Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, volume 4, issue 2, pp.142–175, May 1969
Alderfer, C. P., Existence, Relatedness, and Growth; Human Needs in Organizational Settings, New York: Free Press, 1972
Alderfer, C. P., "A critique of Salancik and Pfeffer's...