Glosario De Terminos Financieros
Páginas: 27 (6556 palabras)
Publicado: 7 de junio de 2012
GLOSSARY
OF FINANCIAL TERMS
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Accounts
A summary of all the financial transactions, assets and liabilities as recorded in a company’s books of account. These are prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles. They are alegal requirement for all companies and are referred to, for example, by tax authorities that wish to assess the tax payable.
Accounts receivable
US term for debtors. This is the money owed to the company by its customers.
Accounts payable
US term for trade creditors. This is the money that the company owes its suppliers.
Accruals (and deferred income)
Under generally acceptedaccounting principles, the accruals principle requires income to be matched with all of the costs incurred to earn that income whether or not those costs have been paid for or even invoiced. Therefore, accruals are made in the P&L account for these outstanding costs (and income) to ensure that the accounts show a fair picture of profit for the period and, crucially, what is owed or owing at thebalance sheet date (see also prepayment).
Amortisation
A reduction in debt by periodic payments covering interest and part of the principal. The term is also used for the process of writing down intangible assets such as a capital lease.
Assets
Everything that a company owns or that is due to it: cash, investments, debtors, materials and stocks, which are called current assets; land,buildings and machinery, which are known as tangible fixed assets; and patents and goodwill, called intangible fixed assets.
Asset turnover
A ratio which measures the effectiveness with which a business uses its assets to generate sales activity. It is calculated by dividing sales by total assets. A variation is to divide sales by the capital employed.
Associated company
The generallyused definition is that this is a company over which another has significant influence. A company will be presumed to be an associated company if ownership is between 20-50% of the voting share capital. Above 50%, the company will normally become a subsidiary. Under 20% ownership, the holding becomes a trade investment. Note that subsidiaries, associates and investments are accounted for indifferent ways. In BP, we also use the term National Associate or just Associate to represent the BP company in a particular country - for example BP Germany is the Associate in Germany.
‘At the money’
An option is ‘at the money’ if exercising it today would result in a zero profit, eg. the market price of the underlying financial security exactly equals the exercise price.
Balance sheetA statement of the financial position of a business at a particular date showing the various categories of assets and liabilities, and how they have been financed.
Book value
The value of an asset as recorded in the accounts. For a fixed asset it will be the original cost (unless amended by revaluation) less the depreciation that has so far been accumulated on it, often called the writtendown value or net book value.
The book value of an ordinary share is the sum of the ordinary share capital and reserves divided by the number of issued shares.
It is important to note that Book Values are accounting concepts based on the cost of assets not what they are worth today. See also Economic Value below that has to do with what an asset is worth.
Bond
A written promise to paythe holder a sum of money at a certain time (usually more than one year after issue) at a stated rate of interest, called the coupon rate. A bond is a type of debt.
Break-even point
That level of volume at which sales are equal to costs.
Brokers
People who act as intermediary between buyers and sellers in the market.
Budget
Approved estimate of expenditure for a department or...
OF FINANCIAL TERMS
[pic]
| |[pic] |
Accounts
A summary of all the financial transactions, assets and liabilities as recorded in a company’s books of account. These are prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles. They are alegal requirement for all companies and are referred to, for example, by tax authorities that wish to assess the tax payable.
Accounts receivable
US term for debtors. This is the money owed to the company by its customers.
Accounts payable
US term for trade creditors. This is the money that the company owes its suppliers.
Accruals (and deferred income)
Under generally acceptedaccounting principles, the accruals principle requires income to be matched with all of the costs incurred to earn that income whether or not those costs have been paid for or even invoiced. Therefore, accruals are made in the P&L account for these outstanding costs (and income) to ensure that the accounts show a fair picture of profit for the period and, crucially, what is owed or owing at thebalance sheet date (see also prepayment).
Amortisation
A reduction in debt by periodic payments covering interest and part of the principal. The term is also used for the process of writing down intangible assets such as a capital lease.
Assets
Everything that a company owns or that is due to it: cash, investments, debtors, materials and stocks, which are called current assets; land,buildings and machinery, which are known as tangible fixed assets; and patents and goodwill, called intangible fixed assets.
Asset turnover
A ratio which measures the effectiveness with which a business uses its assets to generate sales activity. It is calculated by dividing sales by total assets. A variation is to divide sales by the capital employed.
Associated company
The generallyused definition is that this is a company over which another has significant influence. A company will be presumed to be an associated company if ownership is between 20-50% of the voting share capital. Above 50%, the company will normally become a subsidiary. Under 20% ownership, the holding becomes a trade investment. Note that subsidiaries, associates and investments are accounted for indifferent ways. In BP, we also use the term National Associate or just Associate to represent the BP company in a particular country - for example BP Germany is the Associate in Germany.
‘At the money’
An option is ‘at the money’ if exercising it today would result in a zero profit, eg. the market price of the underlying financial security exactly equals the exercise price.
Balance sheetA statement of the financial position of a business at a particular date showing the various categories of assets and liabilities, and how they have been financed.
Book value
The value of an asset as recorded in the accounts. For a fixed asset it will be the original cost (unless amended by revaluation) less the depreciation that has so far been accumulated on it, often called the writtendown value or net book value.
The book value of an ordinary share is the sum of the ordinary share capital and reserves divided by the number of issued shares.
It is important to note that Book Values are accounting concepts based on the cost of assets not what they are worth today. See also Economic Value below that has to do with what an asset is worth.
Bond
A written promise to paythe holder a sum of money at a certain time (usually more than one year after issue) at a stated rate of interest, called the coupon rate. A bond is a type of debt.
Break-even point
That level of volume at which sales are equal to costs.
Brokers
People who act as intermediary between buyers and sellers in the market.
Budget
Approved estimate of expenditure for a department or...
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