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I N T E R N AT I O N A L E N E R G Y A G E N C Y

Energy Technology Analysis

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PROSPECTS FOR HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS

I N T E R N AT I O N A L E N E R GY AG E N C Y The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous body which was established in November 1974 within theframework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme. It carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among twenty-six of the OECD’s thirty member countries. The basic aims of the IEA are: • to maintain and improve systems for coping with oil supply disruptions; • to promote rational energy policies in aglobal context through co-operative relations with non-member countries, industry and international organisations; • to operate a permanent information system on the international oil market; • to improve the world’s energy supply and demand structure by developing alternative energy sources and increasing the efficiency of energy use; • to assist in the integration of environmental and energypolicies. The IEA member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the IEA.

O R G A N I SAT I O N F O R E C O N O M I C C O - O P E R AT I O N A N D D E V E LO P M E N T The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of thirty democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance,the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to coordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD.

© OECD/IEA, 2005 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made withoutwritten permission. Applications should be sent to: International Energy Agency (IEA), Head of Publications Service, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France.

FOREWORD

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FOREWORD
Oil and gas supply security and climate change continue to represent prominent challenges for all countries. They are particularly pressing in the transportation sector, which still relies almostexclusively on oil. Reducing the dependence on hydrocarbons and the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) is becoming increasingly urgent. This will require significant changes in the global energy system and the introduction of new technologies which are able to produce and use energy more efficiently and cleanly than in the past. Recently, IEA countries have invested considerable efforts in making...