Hongos Lignoliticos

Biotechnology Advances 27 (2009) 185–194

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Biotechnology Advances
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s e v i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / b i o t e c h a d v

Research review paper

Lignocellulosic residues: Biodegradation and bioconversion by fungi
Carmen Sánchez ⁎
Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma deTlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México

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a b s t r a c t
The ability of fungi to degrade lignocellulosic materials is due to their highly efficient enzymatic system. Fungi have two types of extracellular enzymatic systems; the hydrolytic system, which produces hydrolases that are responsible for polysaccharide degradation and a unique oxidative and extracellular ligninolytic system, whichdegrades lignin and opens phenyl rings. Lignocellulosic residues from wood, grass, agricultural, forestry wastes and municipal solid wastes are particularly abundant in nature and have a potential for bioconversion. Accumulation of lignocellulosic materials in large quantities in places where agricultural residues present a disposal problem results not only in deterioration of the environment butalso in loss of potentially valuable material that can be used in paper manufacture, biomass fuel production, composting, human and animal feed among others. Several novel markets for lignocellulosic residues have been identified recently. The use of fungi in low cost bioremediation projects might be attractive given their lignocellulose hydrolysis enzyme machinery. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rightsreserved.

Article history: Received 5 September 2008 Received in revised form 12 November 2008 Accepted 15 November 2008 Available online 24 November 2008 Keywords: Lignocellulosic residues White-rot fungi Lignocellulose bioconversion Bioremediation

Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Composition of lignocellulosic residues . . . . Biodegradation of lignocellulosicresidues . . . 3.1. Lignin biodegradation . . . . . . . . . 3.2. Cellulose biodegradation . . . . . . . . 3.3. Hemicellulose biodegradation . . . . . 4. Generation of lignocellulosic residues . . . . . 5. Bioconversion of lignocellulose into bioproducts 6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 186 186 187 188 190 190 190 192 192 192

1. Introduction Lignocellulose is the major component of biomass, comprising around half of the plant matter produced by photosynthesis (also calledphotomass) and representing the most abundant renewable organic resource in soil. It consists of three types of polymers, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-

Abbreviations: LiP, Lignin peroxidases; MnP, manganese peroxidases; AAO, Aryl-alcohol oxidase; AAD, Aryl-alcohol dehydrogenases; QR, Quinone...