Ibogaine

——Chapter 1——

IBOGAINE: A REVIEW
Kenneth R. Alper
Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology New York University School of Medicine New York, NY 10016

I. Introduction, Chemical Properties, and Historical Time Line .................................... A. Introduction............................................................................................................ B. ChemicalStructure and Properties ........................................................................ C. Historical Time Line .............................................................................................. II. Mechanisms of Action ................................................................................................. A. NeurotransmitterActivities.................................................................................... B. Discrimination Studies........................................................................................... C. Effects on Neuropeptides....................................................................................... D. Possible Effects on Neuroadaptations Related to Drug Sensitization or Tolerance........................................................................................................... III. Evidence of Efficacy in Animal Models....................................................................... A. Drug Self-Administration ...................................................................................... B. Acute Opioid Withdrawal...................................................................................... C. Conditioned Place Preference................................................................................ D. Locomotor Activity................................................................................................ E. Dopamine Efflux.................................................................................................... IV Evidence of Efficacy and SubjectiveEffects in Humans ............................................ A. Evidence of Efficacy.............................................................................................. B. Subjective Effects .................................................................................................. V. Pharmacokinetics......................................................................................................... A. Absorption.............................................................................................................. B. Distribution ............................................................................................................ C. Metabolism ............................................................................................................ D.Excretion ................................................................................................................ VI. Safety ........................................................................................................................... A. Neurotoxicity ......................................................................................................... B. CardiovascularEffects ........................................................................................... C. Fatalities................................................................................................................. D. Abuse Liability ...................................................................................................... VII. Learning, Memory, andNeurophysiology................................................................... A. Learning, Memory, and Addiction......................................................................... B. Effects of Ibogaine on Learning and Memory ...................................................... C. Ibogaine and the EEG............................................................................................ D. Goutarel’s...