Mitosis

BIOLOGICAL IMAGING

SPECIAL SECTION

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REVIEW

Mitosis Through the Microscope: Advances in Seeing Inside Live Dividing Cells
Conly L. Rieder* and Alexey Khodjakov*
The most visually spectacular events in the life of a cell occur when it divides. This is especially true in higher eukaryotes, where the size and geometry of cells allow the divisionprocess to be followed through a microscope with considerable clarity. In these organisms, the membrane surrounding the nucleus breaks down after the replicated DNA has condensed to form discrete chromosomes. Several new structures are then assembled to separate the chromosomes and partition the cytoplasm into two separate cells. The German anatomist Walther Flemming was one of the first todescribe the cell division process (1). In 1882 he coined the term “mitosis” to characterize the formation of paired threads (Greek mitos) during division of the cell nucleus (Fig. 1). These threads, which formed from a substance Flemming called chromatin, came to be known as the “chromosomes.” The definition of mitosis has since been expanded to include “cytokinesis,” the process by which the cellcytoplasm is partitioned at the end of nuclear division. Until the late 1940s, research on mitosis was primarily restricted to an examination of cells that had been preserved in a lifelike state by chemicals (i.e., fixed) and then colored with dyes to generate contrast between their different components (2). These descriptions revealed that the division process is fundamentally the same in all somaticcells. In animals, mitosis is mediated by a bipolar, spindle-shaped apparatus that
Lab of Cell Regulation, Division of Molecular Medicine, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12201– 0509, USA. Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA. Marine Biology Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Molecular Medicine,...